摘要:

Abstract.—Two experiments examined the effects of encoding variability on the free recall of pictures. In Expt. I, drawn objects were presented 3 times in different pictorial contexts (RV) or in the same contexts (RR). In Expt. II, repeated stimuli were 3 different specimens of the same object category (VR) or the same object presented 3 times (RR). Spacing of repetitions was varied from zero to 15, and a mixed‐list design was used. Both RV and VR items tended to be recalled better than and prior to RR items. Recall of RR and of VR items increased with increasing spacing, but recall of RV items showed no spacing effect. In a second recall test, preceded by 4 min of “thinking about” the pictures, the only remaining effect of spacing or of context variation was a low recall of massed RR items. VR items were still recalled better than and prior to RR items. It is suggested that spacing, and variation of the external context of pictures, facilitate retrieval when the time and effort spent on recall is limited, by increasing the numberlvariety of potential recall cues stored together with item info

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00244.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—A hypothesis‐sampling theory for rule learning predicts that only those rules that are available for sampling can be learned. Earlier results show that subjects have a very limited set of hypotheses about rules relating scaled cue and criterion variables, consisting mainly of linear and symmetric quadratic functions, but not of complex functions, such as J‐shaped rules. Tasks requiring the use of such rules should, therefore, not be learned. The results of the present experiment show, however, that subjects are able to find J‐shaped relations. The results were interpreted to mean that subjects are able to construct hypotheses, and that they are not limited to sampling of hypotheses from a preestablished set of possible hyp

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00245.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Earlier studies have established that subjects perform less well in inference tasks with nonlinear rules than in tasks with linear rules, and that one source of the lower level of performance in nonlinear tasks is that the subjects cannot utilize a nonlinear rule as well as they utilize a linear rule. The three experiments in this paper investigate whether utilization of a nonlinear rule can be improved by training. The results show that there is some improvement with training, but the improvement could not be attributed to feedback, or to the learning of specific cue and criterion values. Cognitive feedback did not produce higher performance than ordinary outcome feedbac

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00246.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Identification of figures presented in, outside and across hemianopic areas was tested on three brain injured patients by using a tachistoscope technique. It was found that the portion of a stimulus falling in the intact hemifield may facilitate the detection of a contralateral portion in the cortically blind hemifield, otherwise neglected when presented alone. This is in agreement with observations from an afterimage study (Tojussen, 1977), also suggesting that interhemispheric interactions in man are organized with a mirrorsymmetric topography. It is proposed that some previous observations ofcompletionof bilaterally symmetrical patterns across hemianopic areas may be explained in terms of analogous interaction

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00247.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Multidimensional scaling is compared with the semantic differential technique (SDT) as methods for dimensional analysis of the perception of environmental settings. In one experiment employing as stimuli SDT scales used in previous experiments aGeneral Evaluation, aSocial Status, aPotency, aClosedness, and anAffectionfactor were found for both methods. AUnityand aComplexityfactor merged into a single factor, an Originalityfactor was only found for multidimensional scaling. In a second experiment employing as stimuli perspective drawings of urban and suburban settings, the results differed in that theGeneral Evaluation, theSocial Status, theClosedness, and theUnity/Complexityfactors were found for the SDT, and only the first two for multidimensional scaling. Further experiments with other stimuli and methods of representation are needed in order to draw firm conclusions regarding the correspondence between SDT and multidimensional scaling results within the area under consideratio

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00248.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY