摘要:

The effects of tobacco smoking on responses to electrical stimulation were studied according to a Method of Limits (ML) threshold analysis and a Sensory Decision Theory (SDT) analysis. For the ML procedure, Detection Threshold (DT), Pain Threshold (PT) and Tolerance Level (TL) measures were obtained. For the SDT procedure, nonparametric estimates of capacity to discriminate between stimulus intensities (P(A)) and response criterion (B) were calculated. There was no main effect of tobacco smoking on responses to electrical stimulation. Males had consistently higher ML thresholds than females in both the NS and S condition. Males also tended to increase in DT and PT after smoking. From a comparison between the effects of smoking on ML and SDT measures it was suggested that PT is related mainly to sensory factors and TL to response factors.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A sampling theoretical and experimental framework for the study of spatial vision is introduced. It is suggested that spatial Gestalt perception can be fruitfully analyzed by applying the concepts and methods of modern spatial filtering theory as they are known in the theory of image sampling and reconstruction. Demonstrations of the sampling processes in spatial vision are given and an experimental method for estimating the spatial reconstruction power of the human visual system is described. The experimental results presented suggest that high spatial frequency information has a special significance for human vision. Evidently, high frequency information is transmitted more easily through the visual system than has been generally assumed on the basis of contrast sensitivity studies.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01022.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mäntylä&Nilsson (1983) recently presented a striking empirical phenomenon demonstrating a practically perfect recall of verbal materials encountered at one single trial and without specific instructions to learn the items. The purpose of the study to be presented in this article was to investigate whether older adults are capable of performing at the same high level of recall as younger adults did in the Mäntylä&Nilsson study. Type of instructions and number of retrieval cues were included in the experimental design, in addition to the age factor. Although the results indicated a superior memory performance of younger adults as compared to older adults, the latter group of subjects demonstrated an extremely high level of recall as well. Both age groups showed quite similar recall patterns in the sense that no interaction effects between the age factor and the other independent variables were obtained. The data were discussed relative to qualitatively and quantitatively based explanations of age differences in mem

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01023.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Student subjects were instructed to produce maximally non‐random, aesthetically attractive and random appearing dot patterns of two different levels of complexity (3 and 5 dots). When the patterns were grouped according to similarity, random patterns were found to belong to greater equivalence groups than non‐random patterns. They were also estimated to be far more probable to arise from a chance process, regardless of number of elements. The aesthetically attractive patterns were placed between random and non‐random patterns in terms of probability estimates. With increasing pattern complexity, patterns produced according to different instructions became increasingly distinguishable. It is argued that there may be an optimal complexity level for discovering “structure” or unique configurations in chance patterns (cf. the constellations

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01024.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

What are the phenomena to be studied in investigations of processes in problem solving? In what way is it possible to determine whether or not different results of problem‐solving activity, conceived as a series of decisions made by the subject, indicate different forms of a subject's representations of the solution of the problem? Such problems are discussed in two steps: 1) by implementation of a system of four levels of description in the analysis of three solution runs of a task with a formal‐logical structure, and 2) through discussion of investigations of a similar kind in respect to aims and task situation. It is demonstrated that similarities and differences between solutions depend entirely on the level of description at which the performances are summarized. And it is argued that the analysis of the solution performance, with the resultant assertions about the existence and character of cognitive processes, requires the four levels of description. Difficulties in interpreting such assertions in other investigations because the processes seem to be either task‐specific or very general are explained as a consequence of an inadequate explication of the different levels of descri

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01025.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Relationships between two types of occupational stress, one chronic and one acute, and plasma immunoglobulin and complement components were measured. The first group comprised female primary school teachers (N=40) subjected to long‐lasting work stress. The second group comprised male merchant navy students (N=38) subjected to a series of short‐lasting fear‐inducing 20 meter drops in a life boat specially built for rescue operations from oil platforms. Significant correlations were found between personality factors, immunoglobulins and complement components in the teacher group, but not amongst the merchant navy students. For the teachers, personality traits correlated negatively with concentrations of IgA and IgG. IgM concentrations correlated with the more immediate work‐related problems reported by the teachers. In a multiple regression analysis, psychological factors explained between 32% (IgM) and 15% (IgG) of the interindividual variance, when sex, age and job seniority and employment factors were controlled for. Psychological factors may therefore, at least on longlasting occupational stress groups, correlate with immune processes. The data support the concept of the importance for psychological factors in immunological f

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01026.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Patterns of similarity between descriptions of partners and parents were analyzed to determine the differential importance of both parents for partner‐choice in a sample of 76 married student and health‐professional couples. The wives were grouped according to high parent‐spouse similarity, low parent‐spouse similarity, low mother‐, high father‐spouse similarity and high mother‐, low father‐spouse similarity, using Q‐sort descriptions of spouse and parents. Q‐sorts of self, self‐ideal, spouse and parents and inventory scores were analyzed for the subgroups. It was anticipated that the influence of parents on mate‐choice would be mediated through the self‐ideal. Choice of husbands resembling fathers was anticipated to be beneficial for women only in the context of a good mother‐relationship, otherwise it would serve defensive purposes. The results supported these expectations. Symmetry with regard to capacity for emotional closeness or emotional distance was interpreted to underlie partner‐choice resembling both parents or no parent, while complementarity with regard to dominance and submission was interpreted to underlie partner‐choice ex

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01027.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A longitudinal study of infants (n=23) from 6 to 13 months was made to explore infants' responses to objects high on complexity and responsiveness compared to low‐scored ones, and whether the high‐scored objects were preferred. Further, it was explored to what extent individual differences of the infants represent a source of variation. The results showed that more than 50% of the total variance was accounted for by differences in object qualities, and about 25% by individual differences. High‐scored objects were significantly more often preferred compared to low‐scored ones irrespective

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01028.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Male mice of albino and pigmented strains were tested on their open field activity after maze learning and passive avoidance conditioning. The results indicated that the albino strains Balb/c, NMRI, Swiss albino and hybrids of these, reacted with an open field activity increase after maze learning in contrast to the pigmented strains C3H/He, C57BL/6J and DBA/2N. Only Swiss albino displayed an increased ambulatory level after passive avoidance conditioning for the whole experimental time. It is suggested that an ambulatory increase after learning is related to fur color and not to the initial open field activity level, nor to the learning time or the learning capacity.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01029.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY