ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01012.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present paper reviews Scandinavian contributions to the field of psychophysiology in a fifteen year perspective (1968–1983). Psychophysiology is defined as that domain within psychobiology where the investigator uses a physiological measure to indirectly assess a psychological construct, e.g. heart‐rate to index anxiety. Only research that fit this definition is reviewed. Thus, research belonging to physiological psychology and behavior pharmacology is excluded. The paper is divided into several areas covering studies related to attention and the orienting response (OR); classical autonomic conditioning and biofeed‐back learning; clinical psychology and behavior medicine; emotion and motivation, and methodological contributions. The review of studies related to attention and OR is focussed on the work by Näätänen and by Öhman who both have made distinguished contributions to this area of research. The so‐called “prepared‐learning” project is described as an example of Scandinavian conditioning studies. Other examples include Bohlin's research on attention and habituation, and the work by Schalling and by Fredrikson in clinical psychology and psychopathology. Norwegian research on muscle tension and respiratory activity done by Svebak is also reviewed. A total of 114 papers written by about 95 different researchers are reviewed. Thus, psychophysiology may be regarded as a firmly rooted research tradition in Scandinavia, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is concluded that Scandinavian psychophysiology research is at the front line internationally concerning problem area

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reviews psychoneuroendocrine research on stress and coping in Scandinavia during the last two decades. Two laboratories in Stockholm, led by Marianne Frankenhaeuser and Lennart Levi, respectively, have played a particularly important role for the development of this research area, where interest is concentrated on two neuroendocrine systems, the sympathetic‐adrenal medullary and the pituitary‐adrenal cortical systems. Stress research in Scandinavia first followed the pioneering work by Cannon and focussed on the adrenal medullary system and the secretion of the two catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline. The adrenal cortical system and the secretion of the corticosteroids (cortisol), which is the basis of Selye's formulations on stress and the “general adaptation syndrom”, has been studied too, during the last 10 years. During the 1960's, pharmacological experiments were performed in order to explore the relation between psychological and physiological arousal. Psychophysiological arousal was related to performance efficiency, subjective well‐being, and social adjustment. In the beginning of the 1970's systematic relationships were demonstrated between psychosocial stimulation and neuroendocrine activity. Later, the modifying influence of cognitive factors on these relationships was examined in experimental studies performed in the laboratory as well as in natural settings. The results were fitted into theoretical models, describing the possible mechanisms involved in the relationship between psychosocial stress, psychoneuroendocrine response patterns and mental and physical health. During the last decade, parallel research has been carried out in the laboratory and in real life situations. A specific Scandinavian contribution has been the combination of social psychological and psychobiological strategies in the examination of stress at the work place. Another major line of research has been the study of sex differences in psychobiological stress

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

With successive free recall lists primacy items are usually among the first to be reported on the initial list. Recency items will then take over and be first reported on later lists. This retrieval shift was studied under varied list conditions designed to counteract ordinary position effects, and proved to be a stable and resistent effect. One experiment had subjects practice on five different free recall lists over three trials, and the results agreed with the hypothesis that primacy reduction is caused by proactive interference rather than by the primacy to recency report shift. Experiments of the usual one‐session laboratory type have consistently failed to show practice effects on serial lists with incompatible spatial and temporal order cues. In a case study of five subjects examined over a period of three months only slight improvement on single‐trial lists was observed. However, when naive subjects were given four successive trials with the same type of cue‐conflict list, prominent practice effects were easily demonstrated. Observations confirmed the assumption that repeated presentations of items located in middle list positions may counteract the privilege of primacy and recency positions. When repetitions were made within contracting and expanding lists, the results proved that active anchoring, making itself visible as primacy effects, is feasible with contracting lists but difficult with expanding lists. Active performance of list learning strategies generally results in primacy effects; whereas passive shortcut procedures, in learning and retrieval of information, produce recency effects. Predominant recency effects are symptoms of difficult task situations only partially mastered by the learner; primacy effects point to more successful elaboration. Overall, serial position effects do not seem to be due to structural memory stores so much as to the working of cognitive strategy factors. A problem‐solving theory was presented as an alternative to information‐processing models of serial learning a

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01015.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of exteroceptive contextual cues, presented during the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) intervals, upon the later development of conditioned saccharin aversions was studied in two experiments. It was found that the presence of the contextual cues during the CS + US and CS intervals resulted in a greater degree of saccharin aversion; the presence of these cues during the US interval was relatively less important. These findings are discussed in terms of conditioning models and retrieval models derived from animal learning and human information‐processing dat

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01016.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between the Basic Character inventory (BCI) and Kragh's Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) was investigated. BCI is an inventory, measuring Oral, Obsessive and Hysterical character patterns, while DMT is a projective technique, measuring defense mechanisms by means of tachistoscopic exposures of pictures. Thirty‐three pregnant women participated in the study. The results showed that the Obsessive character pattern was significantly related to the defense mechanism of isolation, the Hysterical character pattern was significantly related to introjection of the opposite‐self role, and marginally to repression. The Oral character pattern was significantly related to sensitivity to oral stimulus themes in the DMT. The relevance of the findings for the psychoanalytic theory of phase specificity in charcter development is discus

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01017.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Non‐vocal language intervention is mostly used to develop communication skills in severely dysfunctional children. In the present study, a 3‐year‐old dysphatic boy was taught signs to facilitate his speech development. After 6 months of sign instruction, he showed substantial improvement in spoken language, and had gained one year on the Receptive and the Expressive scales of Reynell Developmental Language Scales in half a years time. Behavior problems were markedly reduced. It is concluded that sign instruction may be used with a wider range of subjects than is usual

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01018.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of the study was to measure the opinions of typical female and male sex‐role behavior in Swedish children. Sixty‐two adults aged 20–30 years participated in a study designed to develop a method for the measuring of these opinions. In the main study, 515 children between the ages of three and twelve participated. The results showed that from the age of three, Swedish children share opinions about typical female and male sex‐role behavior with adults to a large extent, and this became more pronounced with increasing age. The study also showed that the reliability of the method used was satisfactory. Factor analyses gave two orthogonal factors identified as a femininity factory and a masculinity factor, indicating that the validity also could be considered satis

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Hjelmquist, E. K. E. Psychological aspects of classification and abstraction in aphasics.Smith, G. J. W. and Danielsson, A.Anxiety and defensive strategies in childhood and adolescence.Bäckman, L. Age differences in memory performance: Rules and exceptions

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY