摘要:

On‐line evidence of visual constraints in reading is reported for measures other than eye behaviour. Text was read from a CRT using a moving window between 6 and 19 characters wide, with letters outside the window replaced by blanks, dashes, or visually similar letters. Reading speed was self‐adjusted; subjects performed a subsidiary task while reading aloud. Window width and the visual context beyond the window affected dual task performance, and together with fount size, also reading accuracy. The form of text background further affected two measures of eye‐voice span. These findings complement ones for ocular behaviour obtained using a CRT window coordinated with a reader's eye fixa

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00744.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The differences between parental grief reactions following different types of infant losses were investigated. A total of 117 parents (55 couples) from three groups of parents (stillbirth, neonatal death and Sudden Infant Death), 53% women and 47% men, answered a survey on different grief reactions one to four years following the death. Included in the survey were psychometric measures relating to anxiety, depression, impact of event, bodily discomfort, and general wellbeing. The results demonstrated that the three groups differed in their experience of various grief reactions. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) parents reported significantly more anxiety and intrusive thoughts than the other two groups in the early post‐loss period, as well as significantly more anger, restlessness, and sleep disturbances than the neonatal group. The SIDS parents also scored significantly higher on some of the measures (experience of recovery, IES intrusion) relating to how they felt at the time of study. While the death being sudden did not show any correlation with the parents experience of recovery or the psychometric measures, the length of time the child had lived showed a strong relationship to these measures. It is emphasized that counselling to parents must be based on increased knowledge about parental reactions, tailored to the individual family's need

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00745.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigates the effect of imminence, time duration and subjective desirability on judgemental forecasts. People were found to be more sure of specified events happening in a one‐month time period subsequent to an imminent one‐month period. The time duration of a forecast period, one month versus two months, had no effect on forecasting response and performance and any effect of the subjective desirability of an event on its perceived likelihood was negligible. Although evidence of the consistency of individual forecasting response and performance was obtained, individual measures of coherence in probability assessment were not related to forecasting performance. A measure of the subjective difficulty of the forecasting task was not related to forecasting performance, indicating that attempts to re‐scale forecasting responses to improve forecasting performance on the basis of subjective difficulty are inapprop

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00746.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present paper reviews empirical research on placebo effects, and presents a cognitive–emotional model of the psychological mechanisms involved. It is argued that illness often involves psychological aspects; people not only sense their signs of physical illness, but also interpret these signs, and respond emotionally to their interpretations. Cognitions of danger (e.g. fear of dying) produce anxiety, whereas cognitions of loss (e.g. loss of one's health) produce sadness or depression. It is argued that an important part of the placebo effect is due to the development of placebo beliefs (beliefs of the form “This treatment is going to cure me”), which may counteract the kind of cognitions that produce anxiety and depression; placebo beliefs produce emotional responses (hope, calm, etc.), which are antagonistic to depression and anxiety. Further, if anxiety and depression tend to affect a person's physical health negatively, placebo beliefs may be expected to have a positive influence on physical health. Placebo effects may occur not only with pure placebos (e.g. sugar pills), but with all kinds of medical and psychological treatments; even treatments that contain active ingredients of a non‐placebo nature may involve important placebo components. Placebo effects may vary in strength, depending on the therapist's behaviour (verbal information to the patient, enthusiasm, optimism, interest, etc.), and on the patient's idiosyncratic meaning structures (which invest various kinds of treatment with different placebo

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00747.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

If velocity is interpreted as rate of position dissimilation the model of dissimilarity previously developed (Junge, 1978) can be used to account for the relativistic concatenation rule for velocity (Einstein's rule).

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00748.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study investigated reported fear of snakes, spiders and mutilation in an Australian sample (N=235). Standardized questionnaires were used, and scores from the Australian sample were compared with those obtained by other authors from North American and Swedish samples. The psychometric characteristics of test scores from the Australian sample were similar to those from the North American and Swedish samples. Although there were no differences in reported fear of snakes between the three samples, both the Australian and North American samples reported greater fear of spiders than did the Swedish sample. Females scored higher on all scales than did males, and Australian and North American females reported greater fear of mutilation than did Swedish females. Test‐retest reliability in a non‐clinical Australian subsample (n=48) was low for all scales. The results are discussed in terms of the adaptation/habituation hypothesis and the preparedness account of the acquisition of f

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00749.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A test for children's insight into relations between behaviour and aggressive emotion showed that kindergarten children showed an increase in ratings of emotion corresponding to an increase in aggressive behaviour (positive relation), and that an increase in ratings of emotions corresponding to a decrease in aggression‐related behaviour (negative relation) was shown by seven‐ and nine‐year‐old children. Cognition of relations between aggressive emotion and behaviour seemed to be developed earlier than cognition of relations between intention and behaviour as observed in a previous study. Results from the test also indicated that the magnitude of emotion ratings differed in identity (same stimulus person) and non‐identity (differed stimulus persons) stimulus c

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00750.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An experiment was designed to test children's insight that behaviour may increase (positive relation) or decrease (negative relation) as a function of intention intensity. Behaviour variation was depicted in terms of time (duration) and distance, and Ss inferred behaviour variations from variation in intention intensity, and vice versa. Response variation related only to age, and showed that understanding of positive relations was developed by five years of age, whereas understanding of negative relations was developed between the ages of seven and nine years.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00751.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The eight moral story‐cartoons used by von Wright&Niemelä (1966) were given to 20 four to six‐year old nursery school children who rated them on a six‐point scale. The resulting order of mean ratings was identical with the order of scale values constructed from the pair‐comparisons of the 10‐year‐old group in the original study and closer to the order of 13‐year‐olds than to that of the

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00752.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Borcherding, K., Brehmer, B., Vlek, C. and Wagenaar, W. A. (Eds):Research perspectives on decision making under uncertainty.Brehmer, B., Jungermann, H., Lourens, P. and Sevón, G. (Eds):New directions in research on decision making

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00753.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY