摘要:

In a recent issue of this journal, Winman and Juslin(34, 135–148, 1993) present a model of the calibration of subjective probability judgments for sensory discrimination tasks. They claim that the model predicts a pervasive underconfidence bias observed in such tasks, and present evidence from a training experiment that they interpret as supporting the notion that different models are needed to describe judgment of confidence in sensory and in cognitive tasks. The model is actually part of the more comprehensive decision variable partition model of subjective probability calibration that was originally proposed in Ferrell and McGoey(Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 26, 32–53, 1980). The characteristics of the model are described and it is demonstrated that the model doesnotpredict underconfidence, that it is fully compatible with the overconfidence frequently found in calibration studies with cognitive tasks, and that it well represents experimental results from such studies. It is concluded that only a single model is needed for both types of t

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00955.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A questionnaire assessing various aspects of paid as well as unpaid forms of productive activity was mailedtostratified samples of male and female white collar workers, approximately matched for educational and occupational level. Data from 501 men and 679 women employed full time revealed traditional gender differences in terms of main responsibility for household duties, child care etc. In keeping with this, women reported higher levels of work overload, stress and conflict than men, which increased significantly with the number of children at home. The various stress indices reached a peak between the ages of 35 and 39. Men reported more autonomy in their paid work whereas women reported more control at home. Men and women at the upper managerial levels reported more control over their total work situation and less conflict between demands.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00956.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A nationally representative sample of Danish males finishing school in 1989, or shortly before, with astudentereksamen(the highest qualification in the Danish school system) was found to score generally lower on a battery of four cognitive tests than a comparable sample of Danish males who had taken the same tests shortly after finishing school in the late 1950s or early 1960s. This decline appears attributable to the increasing proportions of students who obtain thestundentereksamenand is quite compatible with an overall increase in test scores, also found in our data, for the general population over the same time period. For those who obtain thestundentereksamen, the decline has been most marked in a test of verbal analogies. It has been smaller for tests of logical and spatial reasoning, and scores on a test of numerical ability have actually improved over the 30 years. This differential pattern may be the result of both student changes and auricular changes within Danish schools.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00957.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The feasibility of mothers estimating their own children's development is explored in this paper. Construction, reliability and validity of a mothers' developmental inventory for children from 4 months to 41 months is described. The inventory consists of six subtests:Gross Motor, Fine Motor, Language Expression, Language Comprehension, Personal‐Social CompetenceandSelf Help.A preliminary version of the inventory was item analyzed on a sample of 105 mothers of 4 to 37 months old children. This reduced the inventory to 164 items with satisfactory reliability and age discrimination on half‐year intervals. The list was cross‐validated on a sample of 275 mothers, for which medians of alpha coefficients for the six subtests ranged from 0.69 to 0.96, with most (26 out of 36) coefficients being 0.77 or higher. Again, the age discrimination was satisfactory, although floor effects appeared on four subtests for children younger than 12 months and ceiling effects on two subtests for children older than 24 m

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00958.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is argued that a definition of intentionality in terms ofobject directednessis more adequate than the traditional definition in terms of goal directedness. Inconsistencies in the use of “intentionality” among infant researchers are pointed out. A method of observation is explored, based on the definition in terms of behavioral object directedness, that takes into account precursors to fully‐fledged intentional actions by approaching intentionality as a matter of degree rather than as an all or none issue. The method, when used on longitudinal video recordings of parent‐infant interaction, produced results that substantiated Tre‐varthen's observations of infant intentionality before the age of six months. Furthermore, the results suggest that the parent's attribution of intentions to the infant is based on the perception of the infant's intentionality, whether in social interaction or in interaction with “physic

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00959.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Prediction accuracy of text recall was studied in two experiments. Text characteristics (i.e., consistency and distinctiveness) were manipulated in Experiment 1, and familiarity with the reading‐task in Experiment 2. The results were also analyzed and discussed in terms of easy processing (Experiment 1), and in terms of increased and more active processing (Experiment 2). Text characteristics did not affect prediction accuracy. However, being familiar with the reading‐task led to good and long‐lasting prediction accuracy. Thus, subjects reading a school‐book text, instructed to learn the contents of it demonstrated reliable memory awareness, both for immediate recall and for delay of one week. It was also suggested that increased processing demands and active reading enhances prediction a

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00960.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00961.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00962.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY