摘要:

The aim of this study was to examine whether a sensation of effort would arise in subjects requested, by verbal instructions, to mentally perform motor tasks with an internal imagery strategy. Sixteen subjects had to imagine themselves, from a first person perspective, writing a sentence and drawing a Necker's cube either with their right dominant hand or with their left hand, as well as hopping around a square either on their right or left foot. The time needed to mentally execute these actions was measured. The sensation of effort following the mental performance and the difficulty of imaging the tasks were assessed by means of two analog rating scales. The results indicate that the sensation of effort increased across the trials. Furthermore, a negative correlation coefficient (meanr= ‐0.99) was found between the difficulty to imagining a given motor task and the subjective sensation of effort across the trials. Moreover, the sensation of effort was more pronounced when the tasks involved the non‐dominant l

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00860.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The reliability and validity of the Norwegian translation of Plutchik's Life Style Index (LSI) have been tested in a material of 704 individuals, 471 men and 233 women. The results showed low internal consistency for most of the subscales (Alpha ranging from 0.43 to 0.68). Several of the scales were also significantly correlated. Factor analyses showed that some of them loaded on common factors, indicating low specificity of the scales. Further, the validity of the test was not confirmed.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00861.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using a Wright colorimeter the ordinary long‐term, long‐wave cone dark‐adaptation curve was measured at 0, 2, 4, 7, 17, 25, 40 and 49 degrees nasally in the visual field. In opposition to previous findings, the results show that the dark‐adaptation function of the long‐wave cones changes markedly when the test field is moved outward from the rod‐free fovea. It is suggested that the kinetics of the long‐wave cone photopigment change with eccentricity. Also, at variance with previous findings, the present curves at all eccentricities may reasonably well be interpreted as consisting of three different sections; a first section where the threshold decreases rapidly, followed by a major, approximately linear section and a terminating section that converges asymptotically towards the final level of sensitivity. This finding suggests that the dark‐adaptation process of the cone system, under the given experimental conditions, is based on three somewhat diff

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00862.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In three experiments the roles of script, basic and low‐level contexts in lipreading (Abbottet al., 1985) were studied. Three scripts were used: a restaurant, a railway station, and a clothing store. Presence or absence of script headers constituted a between‐subjects factor. Basic and low‐level context, as well as test‐sentences (referring to basic and low‐level of abstraction), were within‐subjects factors. Also, different kinds of working memory tests were employed to assess potentially important information‐processing skills for lipreading. The results show that (a) lipreaders benefit from a compatibility between context level and sentence type, (b) the directions of inferences were asymmetric such that the basic context prevented inferences at the low‐level of abstraction, but not vice versa, (c) low‐level context in general was most useful for skilled lipreaders in the script group, (d) skilled lipreaders in the non‐script group took most advantage of basic level sentences, and (e) working memory capacity did not prove to be important for lipreading skill. Guessing and pure lipreading control experiments established that each of these potentially confounding factors, only accounted for about 5% of the lipreading performance, and thus, can not explain the obtained interactive effects between visual information conveyed by lip movements and context. Theorizing departing from prototypicality vs. script accounts of inference‐making was critically evaluated, and a predictive script activation mechanism, relevant to lipreading

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00863.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To what degree are young infants able to perceive differential shadowing and to what degree are they able to utilize this stimulus parameter as information about depth? Two habituation experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, a group of 5‐month‐old infants were habituated to a low frequency, vertical, and approximately sinusoidal luminance grating superimposed on a flat colored surface. This display induced stable 3‐D perception in adult subjects. After habituation, the infants viewed two test displays at alternating trials. One was made up of real half cylinders matching the light distribution of the habituation display and the other was made up of a square wave grating of the same spatial frequency as in the habituation one. Adults perceived the latter display as flat. Results showed that both test displays were treated as new ones by the infants habituated to the sinusoidal grating. Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1, except that the subjects were 3 1/2‐month‐old. These infants treated the half cylinders as familiar and the square wave grating as new. The results indicate that infants at both age levels (3 1/2 and 5 months of age) were sensitive to the difference between sharp and gradual change in luminance which is a prerequisite for perceiving form from luminance. However, neither age group seemed to utilize gradual change in luminance as information ab

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00864.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In psychometrics and mathematical taxonomy dissimilarity is commonly geometrically represented by the Euclidean (Minkowski) distance function. This is only a part of a general geometric representation of similarity and dissimilarity (Junge, 1978). Gini's index (or ratio) and Pearson's coefficient of variation, used in economics as measures of income distribution inequality, are known in mathematical statistics as standardized measures of dispersion. It is shown that both measures can be identified with the general geometric representation of similarity and dissimilarity.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00865.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Psychologic is an attempt to systematize the commonsense psychology embedded in ordinary language. In this system, the concepts ofrespect, anger, andguilt, are directly linked, since messages of disrespect, and only those, create anger in the receiver and guilt in the sender. This paper deals with the process offorgiving, whereby respect is reaffirmed and anger and guilt are alleviated. Forgiving depends on clarification of misunderstanding as well as on apology and atonement. The distinction between forgiving others and forgiving oneself is treated. It is concluded that what goes on inside persons and between persons has the same structure.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00866.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The reliability of assessments at four and six years of age in identifying teacher rated problems in behaviour, concentration, motor skill and school achievement was investigated in a study of first‐graders. Relationships between preschool data and school ability tests, and between parents’ information at school start and teacher ratings were also studied.Problems noted in preschool and school were often present in more than one area. Multiple problems at four and six years were strong predictors of later school problems, but preschool assessments of separate areas could not in general predict problems in corresponding areas in school. However, cross situational concentration deficits at the age of six did reliably identify concentration problems in the first grade, at the age of se

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00867.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1991.tb00868.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY