摘要:

A range of health behaviors was related to beliefs concerning health practices and health knowledge. A questionnaire dealing with health‐related practices, health beliefs and knowledge of health risk factors was answered by 166 male and 179 female students aged 18–30 years at Stockholm University. Female students reported engaging in better health behavior than males. Beliefs about the importance of health behaviors were closely related to their frequency of occurrence. There was only a weak relationship between health behaviors and knowledge of specific health matters. It is concluded that health attitudes rather than health knowledge determine health behav

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01115.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The stability in the new morbidity‐problem domains motor skills, reading/writing ability, behavioral–psychological–social function and concentration ability in school, and the stability of peer status and peer preferences as well as relationships between peer status and problems among boys and girls was studied in a sample of 81 Swedish primary school children. The children were rated by teachers and made peer nominations six months after school start, and in the third grade.There was considerable stability in problems, while the stability in peer status was modest. There were marked gender differences. Boys in contrast to girls improved in motor skills from the first to the third grade, and boys had more concentration problems and multiple problems than girls in both grade 1 and 3. In the first grade, low peer acceptance in boys was accompanied by low motor skill. In the third grade, low peer acceptance in boys was accompanied by deficient concentration ability and externalizing problems. For girls, few relationships between low peer acceptance and problems emerged. Various explanations for these findings are disc

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01116.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between acceptability of risks and moral valuation of risky activities was investigated in children, 10–16 years old. It was found that all age groups exhibited a strong correlation between the two dimensions of risky activities. Older children were more tolerant of risk taking than younger children. Individual actions were judged in a more lenient manner than collective actions. Girls tended to be more morally condemning towards risk taking, but the youngest girls were not less prone to accept risks than boys. General measures of moral development according to Piaget and Kohlberg were not associated with perceived acceptability of risk or the judged morality of risky activities but relations were found between risk taking and assertiveness and perceived freedom, which were the most important factors in accounting for risk and morality attitude

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01117.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Favourite objects (FOs) of autistic children were compared with the FOs of healthy preschool and school children as well as mentally handicapped children. Three clusters of objects were obtained for normal children (comprising primary transitional objects and their forerunners, secondary transitional objects, and non‐cuddly toys). When autistic children and mentally handicapped children were included, a fourth cluster of deviant objects was found. Frequency distributions of the two handicapped groups in the clusters were similar. Similarities between the two handicapped groups were also found within each cluster. The occurrence of secondary transitional objects was rare in the handicapped groups. The characteristics of “autistic” FOs reported in earlier case studies (e.g. being hard, often having an exciting effect, not being used in their adequate functions) were typical only of objects in the fourth cl

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01118.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments addressed the influence of secondary task performance at encoding on recall of different features of subject‐performed tasks (SPTs) involving objects (e.g., turn the wallet). In Experiment 1, memory for verbs and colors of objects was assessed, with object names serving as cues. In Experiment 2, object and color memory were assessed, with verbs serving as cues. Results from both experiments indicated a greater deterioration of memory performance under divided attention for verbal features than for colors. In addition, intention to remember did not affect performance for any feature in either experiment. The overall pattern of outcome is discussed relative to the view that encoding of verbal features of SPTs is more attention‐demanding than encoding of physical task features, such as co

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01119.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In contrast to the widely accepted opinion, a negatively accelerated RT function was obtained with varied mapping of stimuli to responses in Sternberg's (1966) recognition task when the task was designed to reduce proactive inhibition. These results are similar to the results obtained in the distractor task. Those aspects of the distractor task that proactively inhibit recall of the trigram are also necessary to produce a linear RT function in the recognition task. Hence, the varied‐set procedure only results in a linear RT function when the memory sets on successive trials contain similar items, but not when successive trials contain different kinds of items, e.g., digits versus letters. Also, once subjects have been trained on the fixed‐set procedure to produce a negatively accelerated RT function, the training transfers completely and immediately to entirely new sets of targets and distractors. The results of both tasks, as well as other retrieval tasks, can be explained by a model containing a single comparison process and an optional serial generation process which is invoked to increase the discriminability of the memory set from distract

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01120.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cats were conditioned to turn their heads using a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and medial forebrain bundle stimulation (MFB) unconditioned stimulus (US). The CS+ was delivered to one ear at a time, in random order, followed by the US. A tone of a different frequency was used as a CS‐. The cats learned to respond differentially to the CSs showing head movements of greater acceleration to the CS+ than CS‐ over sessions. Bilateral recordings of cingulate cortex multiple‐unit activity showed increased response amplitudes over sessions and larger responses in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the US. Since ipsilateral multiple‐unit responses did not differ for the CSs, the asymmetry was probably due to the sensitizing effect of the unilateral US. Although increases in cingulate cortex neural activity coincided with increases in conditioned head movements, larger activation of the cingulate cortex ipsilateral to the US suggests that the neural changes were independent of these mo

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01121.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Suicide Probability Scale (SPS), the Perceived Social Support (PSS) from Friends (PSS‐Fr) and Family (PSS‐Fa) scales, and the Scale for Interpersonal Behavior (SIB) were translated into Swedish and their reliability was estimated in a university student sample. The reliability coefficients indicated that both subscales and the total scales of the SPS, PSS, and SIB possess highly adequate reliabilities. The intercorrelations among the subscales and between the subscales and the total scales were found to be highly significant. The results of the study supported the use of SPS, PSS‐Fr and PSS‐Fa, and the SIB as reliable methods for assessing suicide risk, perceived social support from friends and family, and assertive b

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01122.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Defensive strategies were studied in 72 alcoholics participating in outpatient treatment by using, before the treatment started, the Meta‐Contrast Technique, MCT, a percept‐genetic method. Alcoholics had less often adaptive strategies than controls. A lack of adaptive defense strategies was related to a more impaired psychic status, more psychological benefits from drinking, and more psychiatric symptoms but not to severity of alcoholism or results of psychometric tests (intellectual level, field‐dependence, spatial performance). It does not seem inconceivable that the MCT could be used as a diagnostic tool in treatment pla

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01123.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01124.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY