摘要:

An illusion of egocentric distance with concave and convex objects at a distance of 135 cm is reported. When the centre of a concave object was viewed with both eyes its surface appeared nearer than the centre of the surface of a convex object at the same distance. The distortion was about two per cent of the viewing distance with right‐angle objects and about five per cent with hemicylindrical objects. The distortion was slightly reduced when size cues for distance were attached to the surfaces of the objects, absent with monocular viewing, greater with convex than with concave objects, and occurred with the generally convex surface of a model human face. Possible explanations of the findings are discusse

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01105.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An adaptation of a Norwegian modified short version of Christiansen&Goldman's Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire for Adolescents (AEQ‐A) was examined in this survey. Subjects were 924 Norwegian seventh graders, with an average age of 13.3 years. From the original 90 items, 27 items representing all seven original scales were used in this study. Factor analysis did not create any preferred new factor solution compared to Christiansen&Goldman's original factors. Internal consistency of the seven AEQ‐A scales ranged from 0.37 to 0.72 on Cronbach's alpha. All seven AEQ‐A scales correlated significantly with self‐reported alcohol use as was expected, and this study also replicated the relative importance of the social enhancement scale. This was the first study using AEQ‐A in a non‐English‐speaking culture. The generalizability of alcohol outcome expectancies was strongly supported.The present study indicates that the Norwegian version of AEQ‐A possesses a level of concurrent validity and internal reliability that is acceptable compared to the original scales, and can serve as a useful instrument in behavioral research on alcohol use among Norwegian adolescents in th

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An experimental study was conducted to estimate the impact of subjects' mood states on their responses to evaluative ratings. Four experimental groups were induced by either a very negative, mildly negative, neutral or positive mood‐inducing film. As hypothesized, systematic differences were found between the groups in their evaluations. Factual knowledge about the evaluation object was, contrary to expected, not found to modify mood effects. This negative finding could, however, be explained by a strong stereotypical impression of the object (a distant travel destination) held by the respondent

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Several studies have shown that visual attention enhances the encoding of the positional relationships between pattern elements, i.e., the perception of pattern structure. This theoretical note discusses the possibility that the inferiority of extrafoveal vision in the perception of pattern structure results, at least partially, from less effective focal attention in the periphery. Hence, there may exist higher level differences between foveal and extrafoveal vision in information processing which cannot be explained by the spatial inhomogeneity of the retino‐striate syste

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to test predictions of two recent theories of realism of confidence. Ecological approaches to realism of confidence in one's general knowledge (Gigerenzeret al., 1991; Juslin, in pressa; Björkman, in press) predict good calibration or, in the case of poor cognitive adjustment, overconfidence, within the cognitive domain. The subjective distance theory of confidence in sensory discriminations (Björkmanet al., 1992) predicts a pervasive underconfidence bias for sensory discriminations. Empirical data are reported showing that: (a) Calibration for sensory judgments is considerably poorer than calibration for well adapted cognitive judgements, a difference that can be entirely traced to underconfidence in the sensory domain. (b) While an initial overconfidence bias in the cognitive domain is removed by outcome feedback, the bias observed in sensory discriminations is unaffected even by a prolonged feedback session. It is suggested that the nature of confidence in sensory discriminations is different from the nature of confidence in cognitive judgment

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01109.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The correlation between married couples' interpersonal perception and relationship control in communication was investigated. A normated, standardized and shortened version of Lainget al.'s Interpersonal Perception method (IPM) was used to measure interpersonal perception. The test contain three levels of perception, namely (1) direct perception of the relationship, (2) misunderstandings, and (3) disagreements about the relationship. The couples' relationship control was observed in three different situations. Previous studies have found the amount of one‐upmanship in married couples to be associated with problems of interpersonal perception. Although different methods were applied in the present study, this finding was replicated to some extent. Additionally, the results indicate that the more the couples communicated to each other that they both had the right to control the relationship, the less problems they had in interpersonal perception. The results also strongly suggest that couples communicating in egocentric and self‐disqualifying ways perceive their marriage as less satisfying, and they also perceive each other's feelings and behaviours less accurately than those who have little or no such deviant communicat

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

With reference to W. R. Bion's theory about individual's reactions to group stimuli the main hypothesis was formulated thus: individual's Valency (V) and Productivity (W) undergo changes in certain (definable) directions under the influence of longterm group psychotherapy. The main hypothesis was refined into seven sub‐hypotheses. These were measured by four projective tests: Reaction Group Situation Test (RGST), Self Perceptual Q‐sort (SPQ), Q‐SORT(overt) and Q‐SORT(covert). 48.0% of the total number of modalities, 120 out of 252, developed in a predicted and eligible direction. 29.0%, 74 modalities out of 252, remained unchanged whereas 23.0%, 58 modalities out of 252, developed in an opposite to predicted and non‐eligible direction. Group members' Productivity (W) developed most of all the modalities in a predicted (eligible) direction. Group members' Valency and Productivity pattern (VP) changed least of all the modalities. The group members Valency (V) for the basic assumption Dependency (baD) developed most of all the modalities in an opposite to predicted, i.e. non‐eligibl

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01111.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An unimanual auditory choice reaction task was performed by 16 right‐handed male subjects. Upon release of a central ready button subjects pressed a target button on their right or left side depending on the ear in which they heard a tone. A significant ‘Ear’ x ‘Hand’ interaction effect appeared on both reaction time (RT) and the first component of movement (MT1), showing that uncrossed conditions give rise to faster responses than crossed conditions. Interhemispheric transmission time (IHTT) was estimated from the difference of response latency in the two types of conditions. No asymmetry in the speed of information transfer between the hemispheres was found. IHTT was 16 ms in the case of RT, which supported previous research with visual reaction tasks, and IHTT for MT1was 13 ms, which has not been report

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01112.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study starts from the hypothesis that sign perception depends on the motivational valences of signs. Two groups of drivers with different amounts of driving experience rated Swedish road signs on dimensions assumed to indicate perceived sign utility. The ratings were performed against a scenario that included traffic officials' intentions to simplify the sign system. One dimension was amount of reduction in frequency of occurrence; subjects indicated percentages of reduction they believed to be reasonable. A second dimension was appropriateness of complete elimination of a sign from the traffic environment; subjects rated the degree to which elimination was reasonable. Subjective frequency of sign occurrence was rated last. Construct validation procedures showed strong correlations between reduction and elimination ratings only for the higher‐experience group. Contrary to expectation, both groups showed the same high level of positive attitudes toward all signs. As expected, frequency was a judgmental base for utility, though weakly, except for permissive signs. It was more extensively related to utility for the higher‐experience group, particularly for percentage ratings. Curvilinear relationships obtained between frequency and utility for permissive and road guidance si

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01113.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01114.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY