摘要:

The purpose of this article is to propose a conceptual frame of reference for memory research on the basis of two recent lines of development. One such key development is that of a functional orientation of memory research focusing on processing and function rather than structure and memory entities. The other line of development concerns information storage as distributed rather than localized. A functionalistic frame of reference involving a notion of distributed storage is proposed. According to this view remembering is seen as an interaction between available cognitive capabilities and demands of the task in which the individual is remembering something. Encoding is conceived of as an interaction between “affordances” of the environment and “functional dispositions” of the individual. Retrieval is seen as a re‐activation of functional dispositions. The formation of unique combinations of functional dispositions plays a crucial role in obtaining perfect recall performance. The viability of the overall conceptual framework is demonstrated in three experimental studies. The development of the design and procedure for these experiments was a second purpose of this paper, namely to outline an experimental setting which could serve as a complement to computer simulations in studying notions of distribute

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00754.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Hypotheses derived from reversal theory on state‐specific responses to humorous material were tested by recruitment of 10 telic (serious minded) and 10 paratelic (playful) state‐dominant individuals from a larger sample of university students completing the Telic Dominance Scale. They were individually exposed to a comedy programme displayed on television in a psychophysiological laboratory. Polygraph record of respiration provided operational measurement of laughter. Subjects ratings were derived for felt and preferred level of arousal and for telidparatelic state in the laboratory situation. Results confirmed (1) that humorous material tends to induce the paratelic state, even in telic state‐dominant individuals, and (2) that frequency of laughter in theparatelic stateis positively correlated with degree of felt arousal and with arousal preference, thus indicating alinear, rather than ditonic, relation of hedonic tone to felt arousal in this

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00755.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

According to the interaction hypothesis of interest, the inherent interestingness of a communication or a situation will be maximal when novelandfamiliar elements are simultaneously present. This is illustrated in three experimental demonstrations, where students were to indicate their interest (a) in book titles (more and less well‐known authors best and least known works); (b) in reports by foreign journalists about everyday life in Norway (familiar topic) and in Honduras (less familiar); and (c) in meeting tourists of different nationalities at more and less familiar geographical locations. The results show that the preference function for novelty will be ascending or descending dependent upon the familiarity or unfamiliarity of other aspects of the situation. Thus, Norwegian subjects were not very curious about unfamiliar British authors least known works, whereas they would very much like to read what journalists from unfamiliar countries write about Norway. Also, they preferred meeting tourists from unfamiliar countries, as long as the meeting took place in a familiar city. In a foreign city, the order of preference was reverse

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00756.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of alcohol (0.75 g/kg) on qualitative and quantitative aspects of verbal interaction and self‐reported mood were studied in small groups of either strangers or acquaintances. Four groups consisting of two male and two female subjects were observed during discussion of a film topic. Significantly more verbal activity was observed as a function of alcohol (p<0.01), consistent with self‐reported euphoria, affiliative moods, and reduced social anxiety. Bales IPA data indicated that more negative emotions were expressed (p<0.05) and more assertive communications were delivered as part of the generally increased verbal activity under alcohol conditions. Although alcohol and previous acquaintance tended to alter mood ratings in similar ways, alcohol was clearly the more powerful agent. Alcohol increased both total verbal activity and the output of more self‐disclosing or provoking verbal responses. Although acquaintance alone had neither of these effects, it tended to promote the increase in verbal activity produced by al

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00757.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Improvement in quality of life (QL) is a primary objective of medical care, and the natural consequence of efforts made in hospital or during convalescence. Pharmacological intervention usually gives relief of symptoms, but may introduce expected and unexpected adverse reactions. This paper presents a self‐administered questionnaire specially aimed to assess QL in severe heart failure. Compared with available instruments, the present questionnaire was designed to be simple and short, containing only 26 items. It was found to be relevant and comprehensive with satisfactory reliability and validity. The questionnaire includes somatic, emotional/cognitive aspects, life satisfaction and physical limitations. The questionnaire makes it possible to evaluate each subscale separately as well as altogethe

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00758.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a probabilistic learning task with two complementary cues (C1and C2) and two events (E1and E2) the subject has a tendency toinferthat E2will occur when C2occurs after he/she has observed that E1frequently goes with C1. This phenomenon was termedcue contrastbecause it reflects the belief that C2contrasts with C1and should indicate E2. Two kinds of predictions following from the notion of cue contrast were tested on response proportions from the first block of trials in four previously published experiments on cue probability learning. Of a total of 15 independent observations (eight within‐group comparisons; seven between‐group comparisons) 13 confirmed the predictions (sign test, p<0.005). It was concluded that cue utilization is both an inductive process based on association between cues and events and an inferential process based on contr

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00759.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the first part of the study, 10 undergraduate students were tested to determine the effects of examination stress on serum concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE). Testing was undertaken six weeks prior to a final written examination, at the time of the examination, and 12–14 days after the examination. A control group consisted of students not taking an examination. The results demonstrated a small but significant decrease in IgM during the observed period. However, there were no other significant effects. In the second part of the study, correlations between baseline serum levels of immunoglobulins and psychological variables in a sample consisting of 40 undergraduate students were examined. The results demonstrated a significant relationship between IgM concentrations and psychological variables reflecting acute or chronic psychological load, e.g. social alienation, anxiety/tension, depressive mood, and emotional and bodily complaints. There were no significant correlations between the psychological variables and IgA, IgG or IgE. Multiple regression analysis showed that 34% of the variance in IgM levels could be explained by the variables Somatic complaints and Social alienation. Immunoglobulin levels were not significantly correlated with serum Cortisol or prolactin concentratio

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00760.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Spontaneous motor activity of mice was studied in the presence or absence of 24 coloured glass marbles with and without treatment with different doses of the anxiolytic compound, diazepam. The three parameters of motor activity, locomotion, rearing and total activity, were measured in automated test cages. All the groups exposed to the marbles exhibited considerable and comparable marble burying, but there was an important interaction between marble burying and locomotor activity over test days. The “marbles” group performed fewer locomotion counts than the “no marbles” group on Day 1 but more counts on Day 3. The “marbles” group performed more rearing and less total activity than the “no marbles” group generally and this relationship was not altered over test days. Diazepam caused a dose‐dependent decrease of both marble burying and the three parameters of motor activity but did not cause further increases in motor activity in the groups exposed to the marbles. These results are discussed with regard to the effects of “coping” behaviours on measures of motor activity. In conclusion, the present motor activity‐marble burying test appears to be a suitable animal model for testing potenti

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00761.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00762.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY