摘要:

The psychoanalytic concept of Personality Organization (PO) may be operationalized by means of a Structural Interview as well as by means of psychological tests. The present study utilized the Structural Interview and a protective test called the Defence Mechanism Test (DMT) to operationalize the PO concept on a sample of 50 psychiatric inpatients. The reliability of the PO judgements were found to be acceptable for both the Structural Interview and the DMT. The validity, which was estimated as the correlation between the two methods, was also found to be substantial. The conclusion is that the concept of PO may be reliably operationalized for psychiatric patients and seems to have concurrent validity. Both the DMT and the Structural Interview may be used for differential diagnosis of PO.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00819.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Only few attempts have been made to compare different methods aiming at quantifying defensive strategies. In this study the tachistoscopic Defence Mechanism Test (Kragh, 19606 and 1985) is compared to paper‐and‐pencil tests of defence. There were virtually no correlations between the DMT and the other measures of defence. This may indicate that the concept of defence is a highly complex one. It is suggested that the Defence Mechanism Test may be measuring primary defence while defence questionnaires may be assessing more secondary forms of defence. The two questionnaires used for assessing defence correlated significantly, while a scale for social desirability showed no correlation with DMT or the two defence questionnai

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00820.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Rorschach test was applied to four groups: 41 Panic Disorder (PD), 14 Major Depression (MD), 11 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and 18 normal subjects. The aims were to describe the test profile of PD patients and to discuss implications for cognitive processing ability and personality structure. A hypothesis of a borderline personality structure in PD patients, based on psychodynamic literature, was tested, but was not unambiguously supported. A “loose”, borderline‐like personality structure and disturbances in processing abilities, however, characterized PD‐patients. The normal subjects surprisingly provided many Fabulized Combinations, a response type, considered suspect of borderline pathology, but also showed more signs of integrative and synthesizing abilities than the other

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Tversky and Kahneman explain cognitive errors in terms of eithermisunderstandingorfallacy, but have failed to define these concepts. Therefore, they are unable to derive strict diagnostic criteria for distinguishing between them. The lack of conceptual clarification also has prevented them from recognizing the circular relationship between understanding and logicality. Diagnosis of understanding presupposes logicality, and diagnosis of logicality presupposes understanding. This circularity follows when understanding is defined as grasping what is and is not logically implied by a given expression as intended, and when fallacy is defined as logical error. Alternative definitions are discussed and rejected. Tversky and Kahneman fail to realize that one cannot explain and understand what is genuinely illogical, and that, therefore, errors must always be regarded as failure to understand, that is, as logical inference from erroneous premises.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Type A behaviour was measured in 250 boys and 245 girls (ages 3–7) using a Swedish version of Matthews' Youth Test for Health (MYTH). In addition, speech and voice characteristics (speed, loudness, response latency) were measured. Each child was independently rated by two play group leaders and measurements were repeated after a six month interval. Interrater reliability (first session) was 0.76 for both sexes and did not change with the age of the child. Boys obtained significantly (p<0.0001) higher scores than girls. Correlations over the six month period were 0.64 and 0.60 (p<0.001) for the two possible combinations of different raters and slightly higher (0.75 and 0.68,p<0.001) when the same rater was used. Two components of Type A behaviour were identified from a factor analysis of the data: impatience and competitiveness, and they accounted for 57% of the total variance. As for the total scale, boys obtained significantly higher scores than girls on both subscales. Scores on the competitiveness scale increased systematically with age. Speech and voice characteristics correlated significantly with Type A scores (total Type A behaviour:r= 0.50, using different raters, and 0.71, using the same raters,p<0.001) and, once again, boys obtained significantly (p<0.001) higher scores than girls. The results are in close agreement with the American findings from the original scale. It was concluded that the scale provides a reliable and valid instrument for measuring Type A or Type A‐like behaviours in pre‐school chi

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A unidirectional selective breeding experiment performed over six generations resulted in a line of mice (S6), which differed from the maintained unselected Swiss albino strain, called normal (N) strain, in the following respects: S6mice increased their open field activity after maze learning significantly more than N mice. S6mice ambulated more and exhibited more thigmotactic behaviour in a circular open field than N mice. S6mice were superior than N mice in regard to maze learning capacity. Finally, S6mice were interpreted as significantly less emotional according to their defecation, more responsive to novelty according to their urine pattern and more aggressive than N mice.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Following substantial bleaches, the specific form and hue thresholds were measured during dark adaptation with a test stimulus of 1×2° at 40° extrafoveally. The wavelength of the test field was varied between runs. The results show that both thresholds started to rise at about the cone‐rod break of the dark‐adaptation curve, irrespective of wavelength used in the test. Furthermore, the specific threshold for form was found to rise when a scotopic stimulus was superimposed on a photopic test flash. On the other hand, both thresholds remained at the cone‐plateau level when the test flash was confined within the rod‐free fovea. In order to explain the rise in the specific thresholds, it is suggested that signals from rods generated directly in response to the test stimulus may suppress both cone‐mediated form and colour. It is also suggested that this type of rod‐cone interaction represents a general characteristic involved in several kinds of visual informat

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00825.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A translation of the MCMI‐I has been in use in Denmark for some years. An untested assumption in the interpretation of the pattern of test results is that the psychometric characteristics of the Danish and American versions are similar. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire by using traditional psychometric analysis techniques on the results of a sample consisting of 423 patients and 179 normal controls. Coefficient alpha was calculated for the 20 clinical subscales of the test and the Danish results were strikingly similar to the original coefficients reported by Millon. Furthermore, factor analysis of the subscales showed a factor structure very similar to American findings, and it is concluded that the psychometric properties of the Danish MCMI are not significantly different from the origina

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00826.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To uphold the distinction between perception and cognition for certain classes of tasks or phenomena, it is proposed that three criteria must be met: (1) when perceptual and cognitive functions serve different biologial purposes, (2) when stimulus information in dynamic events is necessary, but not sufficient for veridical perception, and (3) when the task emphasizes explicit retrieval, as opposed to implicit use of information. Conversely, when the three criteria have not been met, conditions for theoretical unification exist.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00827.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY