摘要:

Research on personality and developmental psychology in Scandinavia in the seventies is presented according to what are considered important and significant research interests. Such interests are defined primarily from the viewpoint of general trends in society, e.g. research on infancy and preschool children and research on old age. Other interests are defined from an almost purely theoretical viewpoint. This applies to research from an interactional perspective. Future research in this branch of psychology seems to place priority on a methodological approach based upon external validity and the use of multidimensional models. As to the theoretical frame of reference, future research points to conceptualizations of the influence of society on structure, process and development of personality.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The central concept of the information processing theory of problem solving issearch.In contrast, the central concept of the Gestalt theory of problem solving isrestructuring.Both concepts express important aspects of human thinking. A theory is presented which interprets restructuring and the related concept of insight in information processing terms. It is hypothesised that restructuring is a change in mental representation which affects the applicability of problem solving operators. Insight is hypothesized to occur when restructuring of the search space brings the goal state within the horizon of mental look‐ahea

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The influence of functional control operations on serial position effects was examined in a series of four experiments. When recall was required of performed operations as well as of the information operated upon, the result generally turned out to be absence of recency effects and presence of primacy effects. Primacy effects were found to be more prominent with active execution of operations than with passive list reception. Simultaneous presence of spatial and temporal position cues was shown to coincide with disruption of the ordinary primacy‐recency pattern. The findings were taken to prove the importance of functional factors, and were interpreted as in agreement with a two‐stage analysis of serial learning where the first stage is assumed to involve the differentiation of list items and the second stage the integration of differentiated items. The experiments were claimed to indicate that memory is better understood from a problem‐solving than from an information‐processing point

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An experiment was conducted to test a hypothesis emanating from a similarity in data pattern between studies on amnesia and studies on the effects of arousal on memory. The hypothesis was that arousal and amnesia might be related, or more precisely, that amnesia induced in the laboratory might be mediated by high levels of arousal. Subjects in this experiment were presented with a thematic, short story in pictorial form. One version of the story consisted of a traumatic, arousal‐inducing event placed between neutral events. A second version of the story contained the same neutral events in the beginning and the end, but also a neutral event in the middle. Palmar skin conductance, heart rate, and subjective self‐ratings were used to determine that the manipulation made had caused different degrees of emotional arousal for the two groups of subjects presented with the different versions of the story. The methods used to determine memory performance were recall and recognition. The data obtained indicate that amnesia induced in the laboratory is mediated by emotional arousal in terms of concepts of attention and reconstruct

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A sample of 222 students in medicine and psychology, of both sexes, completed the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS: Norwegian translation of a Swedish student version) and the Telic Dominance Scale (TDS). The latter is a measure of an individual's tendency to take life seriously, i.e., to pursue important goals, to plan ahead, and to avoid arousal if possible. The total scores on both scales were found to be orthogonally related over the sample as a whole, and the same was true of the main factor extracted from the JAS in relation to both the TDS total scores and the scores of each of the subscales of the TDS (for the sample as a whole and for each of the subgroups). This implies that the JAS survey for Type A behaviour assessment and the TDS were measuring rather different psychological characteristics. It is argued that there are reasons for supposing that telic dominance may be a factor which predisposes the individual to high cardiovascular reactivity and that, since this factor appears to be different from the Type A personality as measured by the present JAS version, further investigation is called for.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01008.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

From the perspective of George A. Kelly's Personal construct theory the article outlines points of view concerning “advantages of symptoms” A procedure for eliciting possible advantages is presented (“The ABC‐model”) and compared with a more conventional psychoanalytic approach as exemplified in a previously published case story. From a Kellyan view people are “personal scientists”, seeking—by testing their hypotheses—to predict and control events. Personal scientists may, however, get stuck with their hypotheses, possibly resulting in “symptoms”, and may need a fellow scientist (e.g. therapist) to encourage them to see and try out alternative procedures. The authors underscore that the therapist should beware of imposing own interpretations on the clients, but rather invite them to participate in a joint effort to elaborate and understand (analyze). This is a joint process, but principally based on the client's own personal meaning structure (construction). Since there is more thanonealternative oroneanswer to the client's situation, the therapeutic process will probably call for fre

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01009.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three experiments were performed to study the effects of bilateral olfactory bulbectomy upon active and passive avoidance conditioning. In the first experiment, olfactory bulbectomized rats were found not to be impaired on a one‐way active avoidance task but showed a fear retention deficit. In Experiment 2, sham‐operated rats demonstrated a degree of fear retention that was a positive linear function of the number of shock presentations; olfactory bulbectomized rats showed a total absence of fear retention. In the third experiment olfactory bulbectomized rats failed to demonstrate the inverse relationship between shock intensity and two‐way avoidance performance normally evidenced. The pattern of data obtained suggests that while bulbectomized rats do not show any general avoidance impairment they do seem to be unaffected by the suppressive effects of shock upon ongoing beh

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01010.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Ekegren, G. Verbal reports about strategies in probabilistic inference learning tasks.Frykholm, G. Action, intention gender, and identity, perceived from body movement.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01011.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY