摘要:

Two metrical issues, both concerning the index of effect size used in meta‐analyses of therapy effects, are discussed with reference to such analyses. The first issue refers to use of the standard deviation of change scores as a metrical unit, and the conclusion is that the standard deviation of unadjusted post‐test scores should be used instead. The second issue concerns measurement errors, and it is argued that the metrical unit—irrespective of which kind of variability metric is chosen—should be corrected for such errors, hence expressing each therapy effect relative to an estimated true rather than observed unit. It is proposed that a set of metrical alternatives should be used in a meta‐analysis, so that the analysis is performed for each alternative and the results are compared across the alt

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1988.tb00770.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A specific set of syndromes, based on different intrahemispheric lesion locations, has not yet been described in patients with right hemisphere lesions. To explore whether statistically derived clusters could give clues to a syndrome structure, neuropsychological data from a sample of 106 patients with right hemisphere stroke were studied. CT data were available for 58 of the patients. Based on factor analysis of eight test and four ratings variables, six variables were chosen for a cluster analysis. A structure of 13 clusters was considered statistically valid. Combining clusters with parallel test profiles into main cluster classes, five right hemisphere syndromes proved clinically valid: anabove average syndrome(n=46),denial perseverance (frontal) syndrome(n=14). adepressed mood syndrome(n= 14), afocal RH syndrome(n=18) and aglobal RH syndrome(n=9). It is suggested that syndromes are related to intrahemispheric location of the lesion, such as the extent of anterior and posterior damage.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1988.tb00771.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thirty‐nine undergraduate students were investigated to determine the effects of examination stress on self‐reported physical symptoms and sensations. Testing was undertaken six weeks prior to a final examination (phase I), immediately after the written part of the examination was over (phase II), and 12–14 days afterwards, but before an oral examination (phase III). The results showed that examination stress was associated with an increase in state anxiety and self‐reported physical symptoms with the exception of heart‐complaints which showed a gradual decline over the three experimental phases. In phase III, all symptom measures showed a reduction below baseline levels and below the control group's levels. Correlation analyses revealed that symptom scores were associated with variables reflecting psychological vulnerability (e.g. Recent stress and Neuroticism) and dysphoric affect, especially anxiety. The results are discussed in light of theories of attribution, attentional focusing and phychophysiological a

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1988.tb00772.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The article considers volitional facial expressions as emotional messages. The following two questions were posed: Is it possible for an actor to express pleasure, surprise, hate, fear, and sorrow, and pairwise combinations of these, plus additionally love, making 16 different shades of meaning altogether? Can these pure and blended expressions be recognized from still photographs? The repertoire of one actor was studied. The judgemental study of recognition was based on a multimethod approach, which included both judgements of the expressions using verbal labels and non‐verbal judgements planned to reveal the cluster structure of the stimuli. Five experiments are reported. In the main the actor succeeds in the task, though there are some systematic limitations in his repertoire. The results depend systematically on the way the task has been structured. Still photographs are seen as useful for specific purpose

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1988.tb00773.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

120 Ss from age groups 8, 12 and 16 years were tested for their understanding that another person's (O) sadness response was related to a preceding behaviour in S. The understanding was tested after experimental interaction episodes where E's assistant (O) worked on an (easy or difficult) task, was helped by S, and responded (immediately or delayed) with sadness. The results showed that a relating of O's behaviour to S was shown primarily for Ss in the two oldest age groups, and primarily when O's response was immediate. A delay of 11/2 min in O's response resulted in attributions of O's behaviour to psychological processes in O rather than to S's behaviour. The youngest Ss focused on O in explaining O's behaviour. Task difficulty did not effect Ss causal attributions.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1988.tb00774.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study investigates the relationship between self‐focused attention and the experience of emotional and bodily concomitants of alcoholic intoxication. It was hypothesized that self‐focused attention would amplify salient mood and bodily concomitants of intoxication after alcohol intake and counteract these concomitants after placebo treatment. Self‐focused attention was assessed by measures of private body consciousness, private self‐consciousness, and of self‐awareness. Since alcohol intake did not influence mood, it was not possible to test our main‐hypothesis linking self‐focused attention with the experience of mood concomitants of intoxication. As to bodily concomitants of intoxication a strong effect of alcohol intake was disclosed. Further analysis revealed the predicted relationship between self‐awareness and private body consciousness on one hand and the experience of bodily concomitants of intoxication, on the other. The relationship between private body consciousness and experience of bodily concomitants of intoxication was moderated by the amount of experience with alcohol. No significant relationship between private self‐consciousness and experience of bodily concomitants of intox

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1988.tb00775.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY