摘要:

Six actors attempted to communicate by facial expression seven assumedly basic emotions (pleasure, surprise, fear, hate, sorrow, disgust and interest), and all pairwise blends, e.g., fear+sorrow. One hundred and eighty‐two subjects (divided into groups as to the six actors) judged pictures of these emotions by three methods: (1) mapping, placing the pictures on coordinate systems with denotated axes, (2) identification and (3) sorting similar emotions into the same pile, followed by multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses. Recognition of the emotions was fairly good, though not equally good for all emotions and their blends; also the actors’ ability to express emotions varied. Emotions of opposite hedonic tone did not blend well. Interest seemed to lend poignancy to the basic emotion with which it was blended rather than to constitute an emotion in itself. Expressions seemed to be more easily identified if the actor did not try to feel the emotion too dee

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00828.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relation between the justification of a choice of solution method and the correctness of that choice in statistical problem solving was investigated. In the first of two studies 16 subjects were asked to think aloud while solving two statistical problems. The results showed that an incorrect choice of solution method was more common when subjects did not justify their choice of solution as compared to when they justified their choice with domain‐specific knowledge. Study 2 employed an experimental design. A group of 20 subjects were instructed to provide a justification for each choice of solution method, while another group of 20 subjects received no such instructions. The results showed no difference between the groups with respect to number of correct choices of solution method. A qualitative analysis of the justifications in the instructed group showed that the justifications for incorrect solution methods were more often incorrect than subjects’ justifications for correct solution methods. The results in Study 2 suggested that the association found between incorrect choice of solution method and lack of justification in Study 1 was not in the first place due to a strategical deficiency on the part of the subjects but due to a lack of domain‐specific know

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00829.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three hundred and seventy‐seven male and 425 female Norwegian subjects completed the translated Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Factor comparisons all exceeded 0.97, so that the factors of Psychoticism (P), Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N) and Social Desirability or Lie Scale (L) can be considered to be identical with those found in England. Sex differences were the usual, i.e. males scored higher that females on P and E but lower on N and L. Cross‐cultural comparisons found no statistical differences between the personality scores of the two countries, except on Neuroticism, with both Norwegian sexes scoring significantly lower than their English counterparts. A slight tendency for Norwegian males to score lower on Social Desirability was detec

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00830.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new approach to the study of family commmunication and psychopathology, in particular schizophrenia, using Saugstad's theory about use of language as its point of departure is presented. Conflicts between family members were observed and measured using a new unrevealed difference technique, the Colour Conflict Method (CCM). Communication was analysed in terms of continuous feedback processes, using the new computerized method, Confirmation‐Disconfirmation Coding System (CONDIS). Feedback mechanisms in the internal communication of families of schizophrenics, normals, and non‐schizophrenic pathological controls (n= 21) are described. The findings show that families of schizophrenics lack the ability to adapt their communication to changing situational requirements. When conflicts were introduced, families of schizophrenics—in contrast to non‐schizophrenics within the extended schizophrenia spectrum and normals—increased their frequency of disconfirmatory feedback reactions instead of expressing disagreements openly. This was due to active disqualifications occuring between the parents and from the parents towards their schizophrenic offspring, who reacted with incomprehensible egocentric communica

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00831.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Following substantial bleaching by “white” light, absolute threshold, relative spectral sensitivity and sensation of hue of monochromatic lights were measured at the central fovea during the cone‐plateau period. The absolute‐threshold level was found to increase and then decrease markedly, the relative spectral sensitivity remained invariant, while the sensation of hues of monochromatic lights from the long‐and middle‐wave regions of the spectrum changed toward hues of shorter

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00832.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a commentary on a note by Rönnberg (Rönnberg, J. On the distinction between perception and cognition.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 1990,31, 154–156), it is argued that one of Rönnberg's criteria for theoretically distinguishing perception from cognition, that of different biological purposes, is invalid. Congruent with a broad definition of perception and cognition which most researchers agree upon, Rönnberg's two other criteria essentially state that how internally represented information is processed distinguishes between perception and cognition. However, the more strict criterion of whether explicit retrieval of information from memory is necessary is too dependent on a particular, rather limited theoretical framework. A third, less theory‐dependent criterion of whether the information available in the stimulus is sufficient to account for comprehension may be useful in research which investigates hypotheses about similarities between perception and co

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00833.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Information available for perception has been shown to be specific, to have validity extending over time, and to be meaningful. Thus, cognition cannot be distinguished as that which exclusively provides adaptive coherence of action and reliance on constraints. Transitions between perception and memory/cognition, as two qualitatively distinct modes of knowing, must instead be expected to occur for purposes of ensuring optimal utilization of information relative to its temporal validity and usefulness.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00834.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study explored whether males and females differ in facial muscle activity when exposed to tone stimuli with different intensity. Males and females were repeatedly exposed to 95 dB and 75 dB 1000 Hz tones while their facial electromyographic (EMG) activity from corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions were measured. Skin conductance responses were also measured.It was found that 95 dB but not 75 dB tones evoked increased corrugator activity. This effect differed significantly between males and females. Thus, it was only females that reacted with a significant increased corrugator response to the high intensity tone. While facial responses differed between the sexes, the skin conductance response patterns did not. Consistent with previous research it is concluded that females are more facially expressive than are males.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1990.tb00835.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY