ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent research that bridges the divide between cognitive and social development in early childhood illuminates, but also sets challenges, for both fields. The implications of recent studies of children's social interactions for research on cognitive development–in particular, the development of understanding mind and emotion–are considered, then the implications of new cognitive research for understanding social development are discussed. An example of longitudinal research on children's relationships with family and friends between 2 and 7 years is described, highlighting links between individual differences in cognitive and social developm

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01437.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A secondary school population of 805 11‐16‐year‐olds reported lifetime prevalence of 31 physical symptoms and illness attitudes. Girls had a median of six symptoms (range 0–22) and boys five (range 0–22); 67 (8.3%) had 13 or more. Older girls reported more symptoms than younger ones. The excess of symptoms in older girls was related to reporting painful periods rather than simply to age or the menarche. High symptom scorers of both sexes had significantly higher scores on seven Illness Attitude Sub‐Scales (Kellner, 1987), with more distress about illness and more treatment experience. The implications of these findings ar

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01438.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Seven‐year‐old children with reading disabilities (RD‐only), behaviour problems (BP‐only), both conditions (RD‐BP) and neither condition (Comparison) were compared on indices including temperament and behaviour, gathered in five periods between infancy and 6 years of age. The RD‐BP group differed clearly from the RD‐only group from infancy onwards. This comorbid group was similar to the BP‐only group, while the RD‐only group was similar to the Comparison group, until school age. The gender composition of the two RD groups differed, and the RD‐BP boys showed the most problematic characteristics. The findings indicate different developmental pathways for ‘pure’ RD children and

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01439.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thirteen (42%) of 31 siblings of 29 probands with depression (n= 21) or anxiety disorders (n= 8) attending a clinic met DSM‐IIIR criteria for psychiatric disorder, a rate nearly three times greater than reported from community studies. The diagnoses were heterogeneous. Compared with probands, sibling cases had half the level of comorbidity and significantly lower levels of psychosocial impairment. Comparisons of temperamental characteristics showed that higher levels of emotionality, but no other aspect of temperament, was associated with an increased likelihood of a sibling being a case. Higher emotionality in all cases (sibs and probands) was associated with greater comorbidity in general and the diagnoses of dysthymia and separation anxiety in particula

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01440.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study compared the expressive and receptive language abilities of adolescents who had experienced physical abuse as children with the abilities of a closely matched control group who had not experienced maltreatment. Comprehension abilities of the two groups (as measured on a standard test) did not differ significantly. There were also no significant differences in expressive vocabulary. The syntactic expression of the abused group was significantly more impaired than that of the non‐abused group. In addition, two aspects of functional communication were impaired significantly. The abused used significantly less self‐related language and also had a significantly greater tendency to engage in self‐repetition. The two groups did not differ significantly, however, on several other aspects of functional communication. Explanations of the results are offered. It is also suggested that there are individual differences in the types of problem experienced by the physically abused

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01441.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study was to determine whether children's perceptions of their own competence levels reflected their actual strengths and weaknesses (Specificity Hypothesis) or transcended these (Generality Hypothesis). Harter and Pike's measure of self‐perception was administered to 163 prematurely born 6‐year‐olds with or without motor co‐ordination and/or reading problems. Associations between children's self‐perceptions and their scores on standardised tests of motor co‐ordination and reading were assessed in three distinct ways. These analyses produced converging results: self‐perceptions of physical competence were associated specifically with performance on the Movement ABC Test, and self‐perceptions of cognitive competence were associated specifically with performance on the BAS Word Reading Scale. Our results support the Specifi

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01442.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Differences between twins and siblings in behaviour problems were investigated in a non‐selected sample of 1938 families with children aged 4‐12 years. Families were sent a questionnaire based on DSM‐III‐R criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD) and Separation Anxiety (SA), which was validated by formal clinical interview. The questionnaire also included measures of speech and reading problems. There were significant differences between twins and siblings for ADHD symptoms, but not for symptoms of ODD, CD or SA. Twins and siblings differed significantly for gestational age, birth weight, speech and reading problems. While there was little evidence for birth weight or gestational age contributing to the difference in ADHD symptoms, there was a strong association between ADHD symptoms and speech and reading p

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01443.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between attention and thyroid hormone was examined using a retrospective database of 85 7‐year‐old children with congenital hypothyroidism who received psychological evaluations and thyroid function tests on the same day. Four unique subgroups with different levels of thyroxine and thyrotropin were compared on psychological tasks and measures of attention. Children with high levels of both hormones were found to be significantly more distractible on an index of cognitive attention but were reportedly less hyperactive. Level of thyroxine accounted for over 10% of the variance in attent

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01444.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and side‐effects of pindolol, a β‐blocker, in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Fifty‐two ADHD children, 7–13 years old, participated in a prospective double‐blind placebo‐controlled comparison of pindolol and methylphenidate (MPH). Active treatment was pindolol and MPH: pindolol 20 mg b.i.d. or MPH 10 mg b.i.d. for 4 weeks. The outcome was assessed on the basis of the Abbreviated Conners Rating Scales (ACRS) completed by parents, teachers, and by a psychologist during psychological testing. Pindolol treatment was associated with a higher incidence of paraesthesias and with more intense nightmares and hallucinations than MPH or placebo treatment. These side‐effects led to an interim change in design by ending pindolol treatment after 32 participants. Pindolol proved to be just as effective as MPH in decreasing hyperactivity and conduct problems at home, and hyperactivity problems at school. Pindolol, however, had less therapeutic effects than MPH during psychological testing, and failed to affect conduct problems in school. In sum, pindolol was modestly effective in the treatment of ADHD. Safety concerns on troubling side‐effects clearly l

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01445.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY