ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00933.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe penny‐hiding game is a deception game that occurs naturally in parent‐child and child‐child interaction. It involves minimal linguistic demands, and is lots of fun. Oswald and Ollendick (1989) employed it with subjects with autism and reported an impaired capacity for deception. They also found that this correlated with performance on both a false belief (“theory of mind”) test as well as various measures of social behaviour. The experiment reported here set out to replicate Oswald and Ollendick's important results, and then extend them by using a new technique for error analysis.We succeeded in replicating the autism‐specific deception impairment as well as the finding that deception capacity correlates highly with performance on a false belief test. In addition, the new analytic technique discriminated the group with autism from controls more clearly than the traditional index of deception. Specifically, subjects with autism, whilst fully capable of enjoying the game as a game ofobject occlusion(keeping things out of sight), failed to perceive the game as a game ofinformation occlusion(keeping things out of mind), unlike normal children or subjects with a mental handicap of an equivalent or lower mental age. The dissociation in autism between occluding objects vs occluding information is discussed in relation to other research showing that subjects with autism are impaired in understanding the principle that “seeing lead

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00934.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFifteen children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) (mean age 12.7 years) were compared to mental age matched normal children on manning a context to its appropriate emotion, PDD children were slightly but significantly impaired on this task relative to a non‐social task equated for difficulty. Both matching tasks were highly correlated with cognitive variables; the Social matching task alone was correlated with social skill level, and neither task was correlated with ratings of social deviance. Results are discussed in terms of the demands of social cognitive tasks, the magnitude of social cognitive findings, control group (selection and individual difference

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00935.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNon‐retarded autistic children are compared to normal controls on measures of emotion expression and recognition. In general, autism subjects recounted appropriate examples of simple and complex emotions, and accurately labeled relatively ambiguous, affect expression in pictures, Autistic children manifested some difficulty talking about socially derived emotions, pride and embarrassment. They required more time and more prompts, their responses were more tentative and “scripted”, and they displayed limited understanding of the salience of Others in embarrassing situations. Results are discussed in relation to theory of mind impairment and compensation strategies in a

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00936.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGerman children in five age groups, 5–6, 7–8, 9–10, 11–12 and 14–15 years, were interviewed about feeling experiences of sympathy and situations that elicit sympathy While the younger children focussed on the emotion of sadness, the older children increasingly described sympathy as n multi‐dimensional emotional experience consisting of sadness, desire to help, and preoccupied thoughts about the other in distress. The most marked developmental change occurred in the frequency of reference to preoccupied thoughts. The older children regarded severe life‐threatening distress as situations that elicit sympathy, whereas the younger children spontaneously named even‐day life distress or fa

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00937.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe impact of prematurity on the responsiveness of mothers and their 4‐nionih‐old infants was examined across three channels of communication: attentional, vocal and affective. Loglinear models were used to determine how the behavior of one partner was conditional upon the behavior of the other during home observations of '24 preterm and 24 term infants and their mothers. Visual attention was elicited by vocalization, and the onset of infant gaze was marled by a maternal smile. Mothers and infants responded to vocalizations with vocalizations, and mothers responded to smiles with smiles. Mothers of preterm infants were particularly responsive to their infants' signals within the: attentional. vocal and affective channels. Preterm infants demonstrated correspondingly heightened responsiveness within the vocal and affective chann

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00938.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that a healthy mother‐infant relationship is a prerequisite for the development of a child's attachment to a blanket or other soft object. Security of attachment to mother was measured 31 12 months with the Strange Situation Test and at 30 months with the Attachment Q‐Sort. Most of the children with soft object attachments were rated as securely attached to their mother at both ages. Children with pacifier attachments, on the other hand, were less often rated as securely attached and were more likely to show changes in security classification between 12 and 30 months. The results arc discussed in terms of necessary, but not sufficient. conditions for the development of attachments to inanimate obje

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00939.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEffects of methylphenidate on cognitive flexibility were investigated in 26 children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), by assessing perseverative errors an the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the emergence of clinical symptoms indicative of cognitive perseveration, A double‐blind, placebo‐control, randomized crossover design was used in which each child was assessed twice in each drug condition (placebo, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) Results indicated that methylphenidate increased perseverative errors on the first assessment but decreased them fin for second; clinical symptoms of perseveration occurred at both assessments. Findings suggest that MPH may reduce cognitive flexibility temporarily in some ADHD child

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00940.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGender ratios are reported for 374 reading‐disabled probands and their S.M siblings included in five independent studies of reading disability. Ratios were tabulated for each study as a function of parental impairment (neither parent affected, mother only affected, father only affected, and both parents affected), Results reveal, a small excess of male probands in referred and clinic samples of reading‐disabled children, bin not in research‐identified samples. Gender ratios among siblings of reading‐disabled probands are approximately 1:1. In addition, combined results indicate that gender ratios of neither probands nor their siblings vary substantially as a function of parental imp

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00941.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBetween 1987 and 1990 IQ scores for 333 5‐year‐old white school children were obtained using the Wechsler Pre‐School and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) and the results were compared with 112 children assessed in 1997. The mean full scale IQ. score I 13.3 was 8 points higher than the mean of 105.1 in the 1967 study. These findings indicate that the rate of increase of IQ scores was comparable and probably higher than that reported in the U.S.A. for the period 1932–78 it is important that this large increase is taken into account for correct interpretation of IQ_ test

ISSN:0021-9630    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00942.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY