摘要:

ABSTRACTThe use of sign language as an augmentative medium of communication is a well‐established approach in working with client groups who are handicapped in their effective use of verbal language. However, students with physical and learning disabilities may continue to experience problems in making themselves understood, because of inaccuracies in sign production which may be considered as analogous to phonological errors in speech. It is suggested in this paper that the evaluation and remediation of sign production errors is most usefully approached through an understanding of the phonological structure of sign language. The paper presents a review of the literature concerning the development of (1) motor patterns involved in sign production, and (2) the four major parameters of handshape, location, movement and orientation, in hearing‐impaired and hearing children whose first language is sign, and in students with mental handicaps. A framework for assessing and monitoring sign production is suggested, and possible approaches to the development of intelligible signing are discussed. It is argued that the analysis and remediation of sign errors should always be related to the communication needs of the individual, rather than developed in isolat

ISSN:1368-2822    

DOI:10.3109/13682829009011978

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA longitudinal study of augmentative communication training with 40 language‐impaired, cerebral palsied children examined the acquisition of Blissymbols and Makaton Vocabulary signs and syntactic aspects of their use over an 18‐month period. The children made measurable gains in these areas over time, but progress was very slow and they continued to show severe limitations in the repertoires of signs/symbols they acquired and in the average number, length and complexity of utterances they produced in semi‐structured conversational settings. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed with reference to subject and system characteristics, and the teaching practices adopted in the schools. Comparisons between the Bliss and signing groups suggest that neither augmentative system facilitated greater progress in sign/symbol acquisition and use than the other. However, there was wide variability in performance among the children within each

ISSN:1368-2822    

DOI:10.3109/13682829009011979

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNon‐invasive, sensitive equipment was designed to record nasal air flow, the timing and volume of milk flow, intraoral pressure and swallowing in normal full‐term newborn babies artificially fed under strictly controlled conditions. Synchronous recordings of these events are presented in chart form. Interpretation of the charts, with the aid of applied anatomy, suggests an hypothesis of the probable sequence of events during an ideal feeding cycle under the test conditions. This emphasises the importance of complete coordination between breathing, sucking and swallowing. The feeding respiratory pattern and its relationship to the other events was different from the non‐nutritive respiratory pattern. The complexity of the coordinated patterns, the small bolus size which influenced the respiratory pattern, together with the coordination of all these events when milk was present in the mouth, emphasise the importance of the sensory mechanisms. The discussion considers (1) the relationship between these results, those reported by other workers under other feeding conditions and the author's (WGS) clinical experience, (2) factors which appear to be essential to permit conventional bottle feeding and (3) the importance of the coordination between the muscles of articulation, by which babies obtain their nourishment in relation to normal development and matur

ISSN:1368-2822    

DOI:10.3109/13682829009011980

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTResearch is accumulating to suggest that, in the process of phonological acquisition, children pass through a stage of producing subphonemic acoustic cues to distinguish target phonemic contrasts. These subtle, or covert, distinctions occur unnoticed by a transcriber, yet their existence is viewed as having potentially important theoretical and clinical implications. In this study, the technique of electropalatography (EPG) was used to investigate tongue placement in two speech‐impaired subjects (sisters), during their attempts to produce alveolar/velar stop contrasts, and their EPG printouts compared to those of a normal subject. Transcription of the impaired subjects' speech showed that, whilst one was able overtly to produce the contrast, the other was using the phonological process of alveolar backing, and so was judged not to have the contrast. However, contrary to the predictions made based on the auditory transcription, the EPG data revealed that both children were making similar, and clearly distinguishable, lingual‐palate contacts for the two places of articulation. Examination of the data revealed that the subject who was overtly producing the contrast was able to control the precise sequence of tongue movements necessary in the release phase of the two classes of stops. This critical stage in alveolar/velar stop production had not been mastered by the subject who was not producing a perceptible distinction. The clinical relevance of these findings is discus

ISSN:1368-2822    

DOI:10.3109/13682829009011981

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study gives detailed information regarding the changes of bulbar dysfunction in a long‐term follow‐up of four severely brain‐damaged young persons. There are similarities in the pathology and symptomatology of the four and all made measurable improvements albeit these did not start for some considerable time following injury. Few gains in bulbar function were noted in the first 18 months. One subject began to improve after 24 months, another after 30 months with the most substantial changes for all subjects being seen by 48 months post‐injury. Further small improvements continued to be recorded up until the end of the study. The four subjects with severe dysarthria and profound physical disability following head injury were monitored for 7 years. All were assessed using the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment (FDA) at regular intervals. The gains were not so significant that any became independent oral speakers. Although the subjects remain severely dysarthric and all use communication aids, the improvements are seen to have functional relevance. The timing of the maximum improvement was noted to follow the cessation of specific remediation of bulbar function. The results of this study raise interesting questions with regard to neurological recovery and rehabilitation management. It is possible to speculate that oral/motor therapy should be implemented at a later stage with severely head‐injured patients in an attempt to exploit and extend returning

ISSN:1368-2822    

DOI:10.3109/13682829009011982

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the training of five counterparts in cleft palate speech therapy which took place in Sri Lanka. The context in which this training occurred is described. The original aims of the training, and criteria drawn up for the selection of the counterparts, are contrasted with the modifications required to these once the British therapists started working in Sri Lanka. Information is given on the training objectives, syllabus, curriculum and methods of evaluation of the counterparts' progress. The achievements of the counterparts are described, and factors relating to the difficulties and ease with which the counterparts were trained are discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the cultural, political and clinical problems encountered in this type of training, and highlights the special difficulties encountered in the training of counterparts in the field of speech therapy in less developed countries.

ISSN:1368-2822    

DOI:10.3109/13682829009011983

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe limited evidence on figurative language in deaf children, as well as ‘professional intuitions’, has led those who teach them to conclude that reading comprehension will be significantly complicated by figurative language. However, there are disagreements among practitioners as to how best to manage figurative language when it appears in text. Generally, some sort of textual modification is made, although those for and against ‘simplified texts' are split on this issue. Those who favour them suggest either that complex vocabulary and syntax be reconstructed or that they be gradually introduced. However, reformulations are seldom standard nor are the figurative tropes such as metaphor, simile, personification etc. systematically introduced. Those against simplifed texts argue that the problem of figurative language control is not one of linguistic complexity, but one of cognitive processing: deaf children can grasp inferred or indirect meaning so long as the referential domain is made clear. Such comprehension comes by way of demonstration, practice and feedback and figurative language need not present a special problem. In this present study, 14 deaf and hard‐of‐hearing children and youths who had been randomly assigned to one of two groups were given an original story entitled ‘Peaches the Cat’ and asked to read it. One group read a literal version of the story and one group read a figurative version in which all textual answers to the question were masked with figurative phraseology. Both groups answered the questions above a chance level and the figurative version did not prove to be more difficult than the literal version. The two groups were comparable on hearing loss and on reading and language ability. Whilst the data were not viewed as conclusive, they did suggest that figurativeness embedded in stories need not interfere with reading comprehension in severely hearing‐impaired children. Teachers should focus attention on the teaching of figurative expressions (tropes) such as metaphor, simile, personification etc. rather than on the modification of te

ISSN:1368-2822    

DOI:10.3109/13682829009011984

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Linguistics in Clinical PracticeEdited by Kim GrundyAcquired Apraxia of Speech in Aphasic AdultsEdited by Paula Square‐StorerThe Voice and Its Disorders, 5th editionBy M. C. L. Greene, L. MathiesonCommunicative Disorders Related to Cleft Lip and Palate, 3rd editionEdited by K. R. BzochEnhancing Nonsymbolic Communication Interactions among Learners with Severe DisabilitiesBy Ellin Siegel‐Causey, Doug GuessThe Vocally‐Impaired: Clinical Practise and ResearchEdited by Lynne E. BernsteinDown Syndrome ‐ the FactsBy Mark SelikowitzLanguage and Experience: Evidence from the Blind ChildBy B. Landau, L.R. GleitmanAgainst TherapyBy J

ISSN:1368-2822    

DOI:10.3109/13682829009011985

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1368-2822    

DOI:10.3109/13682829009011986

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY