摘要:

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunoassay (EIA) was developed for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen in nasopharyngeal secretions. This assay, which employs goat and rabbit anti‐RSV as the capture and detector antibodies respectively, was used in a retrospective evaluation of frozen clinical specimens from children. The EIA results were compared with those of virus isolation in cell culture and direct fluorescent antibody staining performed at the time of specimen collection. The sensitivity of the RSV EIA compared to cell culture was 91.3% (63/69) with a specificity of 96.8% (93/96). The predictive value of a positive EIA result was 95.4% and for a negative EIA result, 93.9%. The sensitivity of the RSV‐EIA compared to direct FA was 91.5% (43/47) with a specificity of 96.5% (83/86). These data represent the preclinical evaluation of the Abbott RSV‐EIA. This assay could prove to be a useful alternative to virus isolation or direct FA for the diagnosis of RSV in

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890190102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Snow Mountain Agent (SMA) is a Norwalk‐like viral agent of acute gastroenteritis that has been detected only by immune electron microscopy (IEM). We established a solid phase microtiter radioimmunoassay (RIA) for SMA antigen employing pre‐ and post‐challenge sera from volunteer studies as capture antibodies. SMA was detected in 12 of 67 stool samples from volunteers who were ill after oral challenge with SMA. All samples in which virus particles were detected by IEM were positive by RIA, but the RIA was 10–80 times more sensitive than IEM. To detect serum antibody to SMA, a blocking test was developed, employing diarrheal stool containing SMA as a standard source of antigen. Serum antibody rises were detected in eight out of nine volunteers with experimentally induced illness following challenge with SMA, as well as in three out of three naturally occurring cases. A preliminary sero‐epidemiologic survey suggested that infection with SMA was common in the population surveyed. This RIA should permit large scale seroepidemiologic studies of SMA to be carried out, and should also facilitate characterization of t

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890190103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAntibody to hepatitis A in an Amerindian tribe was found in everyone over 50 years old but in no one younger. We suggest that the tribe had become infected with hepatitis A virus during the period, about 50 years earlier, when they engaged in raids on Luso‐Brasilian settlers, that the virus failed to persist in the tribe when they withdrew into isolation, and that those who had been infected maintained antibody titers without boosting since that tim

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890190104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHepatitis A virus (HAV) strain CR326, adapted to grow in LLC‐MK2 cells, was highly purified, inactivated with formalin, adsorbed to alum, and tested for capacity to induce antibody to HAV in both mice and marmosets. The minimum dose of HAV antigen necessary to produce antibody in 50% of mice was 10 ng. As little as three doses of 1 ng each produced antibody in 50% of marmosets. Further, all marmosets with any detectable antibody to HAV, as a result of vaccination, were protected against virulent infection on challenge with HAV. Thus a highly efficacious, inactivated hepatitis A vaccine can be produced from virus grown in cell culture. Although LLC‐MK2 cells are unacceptable for use in human vaccine preparation, HAV can also be prepared in a similar manner in MRC‐5 cells, which are acceptable for human vaccine manufa

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890190105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe family members of HBsAg carriers have an increased risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. 214 subjects from 98 families with no HBV markers were randomized to receive hepatitis B vaccine: HEVAC B (Institute Pasteur) or GCC VAC (Green Cross Corporation) at 0, 1, and 5 months. Of those who completed the course, 87.8% had an anti‐HBs response of>10 mIU/ml at 6 months. The response rate was similar for both sexes. There was a decrease in response rate and anti‐HBs titre with age. The response rate for HEVAC B was 92.5% and GCC VAC 84.3%. The offspring had comparable response to the spouses who were not blood relatives of the index carriers, but this could be related to their younger age. Discriminant analysis showed that a higher anti‐HBs titre was associated with HEVAC B, younger age, and less direct relationship with the index ca

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890190106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAntibody profiles for cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the δ‐agent were determined on 55 serum samples drawn from 55 Saudi patients on maintenance haemodialysis for periods ranging form 1.5 months to 2 years. The exposure rates for CMV, HAV, and HBV were 100%, 100%, and 72.7%, respectively. There was no intersex difference in positivity for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti‐HBs), antibody to HBV core antigen (anti‐HBc); 15.4%, 65.4%, 3.8% in males and 6.9%, 55.2%, and 0% in females, respectively. Among six HBsAg carriers, one and three were positive for e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to HBeAg (anti‐HBe), respectively, with two negative for HBeAg and anti‐HBe. The six carriers were also negative for anti‐δ antibody. A comparison of the above antibody profile to the profile of voluntary blood donors and those seeking treatment for minor ailments in the local general hospital, obtained earlier using identical test procedures, revealed no difference for CMV and HAV exposure rate. The HBV exposure rate was higher in the haemodialysed patients (P<0.001).The epidemiological measures for preventing nosocomial viral hepatitis including immunisation of susceptibles, can be supplemented, among carriers, by interferon and acyclovir therapy for active viral replication. In HBV hyperendemic areas, haemodialysis patients exposed to HBV should be screened periodically for early signs of hepatocellu

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890190107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExperimental infection with the XJ‐Clone 3 strain of Junín virus in laboratory bred Akodon molinae, a cricetid rodent inhabiting the borders of endemic Argentine hemorrhagic fever areas, was studied.Suckling animals inoculated intracerebrally proved sensitive and became chronically infected. Sixty percent of the rodents showed neurologic involvement, with mortality reaching 60%.Virus was recovered from the brain at 7, 15, 21, 37, and 57 days postinfection (pi). By immunofluorescence (IF), viral antigens were observed up to 182 days pi in cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Concurrently, immunoglobulin deposits were detected in infected CNS cells from 21 up to 182 days pi. These deposits increased with the progression of the immune response as measured by IF antibodies. The detection of immune complexes in brain cells of apparently healthy animals suggests that neither viral replication nor the development of a humoral immune response are necessary requisites for neurovirulence in this host.Infection of adult rodents by different routes failed to induce disease or mortality and virus could not be recovered from oral swabs, blood, or organs.Our data suggest that Akodon molinae could play a role in nature as an alternative reservoir of Junín virus in addition to the main reservoir, Calomys musculi

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890190108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA single multisite intradermal (ID) administration of the same dose used for regular intramuscular (IM) immunisation with vaccine against tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) resulted in seroconversion of all vaccinees within three weeks: with the regular IM schedule, two vaccinations were necessary for all vaccinees to seroconvert. After the first ID vaccination, antibodies of the IgM class against TBEV (anti‐TBEV‐IgM) were observed in all vaccinees; after the first IM vaccination, only three out of nine vaccinees showed an IgM response. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of anti‐TBEV‐IgM in seropositives was 5–20‐fold higher in the ID group and similar to that after natural infection. The GMT of antibodies of the IgG class against TBEV (anti‐TBEV‐IgG) was also higher in the ID group but with a less marked difference. Hemagglutination‐inhibiting (HI) antibodies appeared earlier and persisted longer after one or two ID injections; after a third vaccination, HI antibody levels were similar in both groups.Side effects after ID vaccination were limited to local reactions. These results indicate that follow‐up injections may be omitted or at least reduced after ID administration of the vaccine dose usually used for IM vaccination schedules. However, additional studies in larger groups of vaccinees are necessary before ID vaccination can be recomm

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890190109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTreatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected hepatocytes with lymphoblastoid α‐interferon (IFN) leads to an increased expression of the core antigen (HBcAg) and reduced expression of surface antigen (HBsAg). We have identified the presence of a nucleotide sequence at the start of the HBc gene in the hepatitis B virus genome similar to a consensus sequence known to occur upstream from genes induced by IFN in mammalian cells. It is possible that interferon influences the expression of the viral genes because of the presence of this homologous sequence. This sequence in the viral genome may determine the site of integration of the virus and could influence the ability of the cell containing the integrated viral sequence to respond to interferon. This “neutralisation” of the interferon system by viral integration might not only facilitate persistent infection but might also adversely affect response to α‐interfe

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890190110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study was carried out to determine the pathways along which two strains of Junin virus (JV), the pathogenic XJV and the attenuated XJC13V, reach the CNS following IP inoculation of 2‐day‐old rats. A sequential study of infectivity and antigen distribution in peritoneal macrophages, spleen, and brain was performed. Mortality was 85% with the former strain, but only 15% with the latter. At 4–7 days PI, XJV‐infected animals had viral antigen in 10% of peritoneal macrophages. Viremia and spleen virus lasted for 10–15 days. Low brain titers were detected at day 7, with a peak at day 15. Brain antigen correlated with virus titers. In contrast, XJC13V‐infected rats, macrophage antigen appeared later and to a lesser degree (1% of cells). Viremia and spleen virus were transient, while both the titer of brain virus and the viral antigen proved lower. Antibody titers were over twofold higher for XJ‐infected animals.It is suggested that the different replication rate at the inoculation site could account for the greater ability of the XJV strain to reach the CNS. A greater antigen mass and/or more numerous antigenic determinants presented by the macrophage could explain the higher antibody titers found in XJ‐infected rats, which were unable, however, to preve

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890190111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY