摘要:

AbstractA solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti‐HBe) was developed. The RIA was approximately 1,000‐fold more sensitive than rheophoresis for HBeAg, and approximately 6,000‐fold more sensitive than rheophoresis for anti‐HBe. Generally, less than one‐fifth of hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg)‐positive sera from blood donors were positive for either HBeAg or anti‐HBe by rheophoresis; in contrast, more than 90% of the samples were positive by the RIA method. The ratio of HBeAg to anti‐HBe among HBsAg carriers varied in different geographic localities. Also, the presence of HBeAg correlated directly with the titer of HBsAg and the presence of Dane core particles. Anti‐HBe was associated with lower ti

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890020202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA fecal filtrate of human origin containing the Norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis was administered by stomach tube to chimpanzees in an attempt to induce diarrheal disease. Significant postchallenge serum antibody rises against Norwalk viral antigens were demonstrated in all animals using the techniques of immune electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. In addition, viral antigens were detected in feces from five of nine animals using radioimmunoassay. Clinical illness characterized by diarrhea and/or vomiting did not occur. Infection was transmitted subsequently by feeding four additional chimpanzees a fecal filtrate prepared from one of the previously infected animals. Development of an antibody response in four animals and detection of viral antigen in two animals that received this passage filtrate indicated that viral replication had occurred in the absence of clinical illness. The availability of the chimpanzee as an experimental animal host susceptible to infection with the Norwalk agent should facilitate the study of epidemic viral gastroenteritis.

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890020203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development of microtiter solid‐phase radioimmunoassays for the detection of Norwalk antigen and its antibody is described. The tests are simple to perform and are sensitive and specific. The test for antigen can be used on crude stool filtrates and suspensions. Both tests are at least as sensitive as immune electron microscopy and more sensitive than immune adherence assa

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890020204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe pathogenesis for adult rats of a Venezuelan encephalitis virus (VEE) strain, V‐198, was studied. This virus strain was chosen following virulence‐testing of 12 prototype alphavirus strains, selected from the Semliki Forest, Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western encephalitis virus complexes; only VEE strain V‐198 killed all adult rats when inoculated subcutaneously (sc) with 6.0–6.5 log10plaque‐forming units (PFU). Lower doses of strain V‐198 by the same route were also lethal: 5.0 and 3.0 log10PFU killed 100%, and 1.0 log10PFU killed 70% of rats. Viral infectivity titrations of tissues obtained from V‐198 straininfected rats demonstrated that virus replicated early in thymus and spleen, but did not replicate in bone marrow or liver. Following a brief viremia, virus infectivity titers peaked in brain, but did not persist there. A biphasic neutrophilia also occurred. Lower doses of inoculum virus affected the timing but not the degree of neutrophil fluctuations, virus replication, and clinical disease. Rats, moribund seven days after inoculation of 4.3 log10PFU, exhibited central nervous system signs and histologic evidence of encephalomyelitis. Significant proportions of rats, otherwise lethally infected with V‐198 virus, were protected by a single intraperitoneal inoculation of hyperimmune V‐198 antiserum, administered 3 or 4, but not 5 days after virus.Since the rat has been well characterized with respect to metabolic alterations following other infectious diseases, it is anticipated that this model for lethal virus‐induced disease will be useful for defining more precisely the functional relationships between viral growth, tissue destruction, metabolic alterations, and clinical course of disease, and that it may suggest specific approaches for effective treatment of viral

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890020205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe influence of e‐antigen upon the course and outcome of acute type B hepatitis was studied in a series of 202 patients. Of these, 54 (27%) had e‐Ag, detected in the serum at the same time as HBsAg during the incubation period or at onset. In 39 patients (73%) the e‐Ag disappeared within eight weeks after onset, regularly followed by clearance of HBsAg approximately four weeks later; anti‐HBswas detected shortly thereafter in 34 cases. In 15 (28%) of e‐Ag‐positive and in 4 (3%) of e‐Ag‐negative patients, HBsAg persisted for one year or longer; chronic hepatitis developed in 13 of these cases, 12 of which were e‐Ag‐positive. Among e‐Ag‐positives HBsAg persisted only in those cases in which the e‐Ag also persisted; all these were persons under 15 years of age. Transaminase and bilirubin values were equally high in e‐Ag‐positive and e‐Ag‐negative patients with resolving hepatitis, but were low from the start in those who later developed chronic liver conditions, irrespective of the presence or absence of e‐Ag. It is concluded that in e‐Ag‐positive acute type B hepatitis patients the disappearance of this antigen from the serum is a good prognostic sign, whereas its persistence beyond eight weeks, especially in young children with low transaminase and bilirubin respons

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890020206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ability of cytochalasin D (CD) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to enhance parainfluenza I (6/94) virus replication was studied in various cell culture systems. Treatment of CV1cells with CD (1 μg/ml) dissolved in DMSO prior to primary 6/94 virus exposure at 100–105multiplicities of infection did not substantially enhance virus replication. However, there was a transient increase in cell associated virus one day after infection of DMSO‐treated cultures. CD treatment of cultures of human brain cells latently infected with 6/94 virus (LIHB cells) did not enhance 6/94 virus detection. Cocultivation of CV1cells with CD‐treated LIHB cell cultures, and cocultivation of LIHB cell cultures with CD‐treated CV1cells, resulted in the production of both cell‐associated and cell‐free 6/94 virus three and five days after cocultivation. No virus was detected after similar cocultivation of untreated LIHB cell cultures with untreated CV1cells. The usefulness of CD‐DMSO treatment in the rescue of virus from 6/94 LIHB cell cultures appears limited to a cocultivation system. The use of these techniques to enhance virus rescue from human tissues suspected of harboring latent viral genome

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890020207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdenoviruses 12 and 31, but not Ad 18, agglutinate rat blood cells at high titer, providing suitable blood cells be available and a prolonged contact period of virus with the erythrocytes is allowed. Purified virus particles show direct, and virus‐free supernatants show direct and indirect, hemagglutination, ie, enhancement of HA by heterologous antiserum. Hemagglutination inhibition with rabbit antisera shows cross‐reactions between Ad12 and Ad31 with liters 4–32 times lower than with homologous antigens; Ad18 antisera react with antigens from both of the other serotypes. No cross‐reactions were seen with antisera from other adenoviruses. This suggests an antigenic relationship of the three viruses of subgroup IV in their fiber antigen γ, in addition to the known relation in the hexon (ϵ), which is apparent in cross‐neu

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890020208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA new method for the isolation of biologically active envelope antigens from paramyxo‐ and myxoviruses was developed using a zwitterionic detergent Empigen BB. Essentially complete recovery of hemagglutinin and sialidase from representative paramyxoviruses (PMY, NDV, and Sendai virus) and influenza virus X7 was achieved. The glycoproteins (HN and F) of PMY were purified in a DEAE‐Bio‐Gel A column equilibrated with bicarbonate buffer containing Empigen, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of pooled HN fractions revealed one band, indicating that it is a common glycoprotein. Gels of pooled F‐enriched fractions revealed three bands corresponding to LGP, HN, and F. Gels of PMY virus revealed six polypeptides, and they have been tentatively designated L, LGP, HN, F, NP, and M. LGP, a large glycoprotein, was not detected in gels of NDV and Sendai virus. It has been proposed that LGP may consist of a complex of F. Antiserum was prepared against purified HN and it was found to be monospecific. The antiserum inhibited both hemagglutination and enzyme activities of PMY, which is in support of the hemagglutinin and sialidase of PMY being associated with a common glycoprotein. By enzyme inhibition analysis of PMY, NDV, and Sendai virus, it was shown that the enzymes of these viruses are antigenically distinct. The methods described for the isolation and purification of PMY glycoproteins may be useful for the preparation of myxo‐ and paramyxovirus subunit

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890020209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRubella‐specific IgM was measured in a single fraction of serum from a sucrose density gradient. Haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) tests were performed on paired aliquots of the fraction untreated and after treatment with 2‐mercaptoethanol, dilutions of the aliquots being incubated over night with rubella antigen before the addition of red cells. Of 822 sera tested, specific IgM was found in 249, but not in 492. When first tested, the remaining 81 sera gave unsatisfactory results because of contamination of the IgM fraction with IgG (6.0%), probable aggregation of IgG (3.5%), or the persistence of chick red cell agglutinins (0.4%). Tests were performed on 134 patients with rubella confirmed by a rise of HAI antibodies. Rubella‐specific IgM was found at a litre‐of more than eight in the sera taken from 62 of 64 patients between 10 and 29 days after the onset of the rash but in only one of the sera taken between 80 and 119 days, and in none taken later. However, specific IgM was still to be found at lower titre in the sera of 13 patients collected between 80 and 162 days after the onset of the illness. In routine diagnostic tests over three years on the serum from 479 patients with suspected acquired rubella, specific IgM was found at a titre of more than eight in 51 patients and in only 10 instances (2.1%) did a lower level pose a problem in interpr

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890020210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring the course of 26 respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infections, infected cells in the respiratory tract become coated with immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), IgA being predominant. Methods are described for detecting both intracellular virus and coating immunoglobulin using a double staining technique and immunofluorescence.IgA coating antibody appears in small amounts very early in the illness. The relationship of coating antibody to pathogenesis, prevention, and recovery from RS virus infection is discussed.

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890020211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY