摘要:

AbstractSera collected from 1,102 individuals in 14 populations of the southwestern Pacific between 1956 and 1979 were tested by ELISA for antibodies to human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐I). Selected sera were also tested by particle agglutination and immunoblotting. Six of the populations had prevalences of antibodies greater than 4%, two populations had prevalences greater than 15%. Six populations had antibody prevalences of 2% or less. Three populations from the coast and northern islands of New Guinea had high prevalences of antibodies, while three New Guinea highland groups had virtually none. One population from the Solomon Islands had a high prevalence, while two others had very low prevalences. Two populations from small remote islands in Vanuatu both had high prevalences. Pacific sera did not neutralize a standard strain of virus readily neutralized by Japanese, European, and American sera. We conclude that infections with HTLV‐I, some acquired more than 20 years ago, are widespread throughout the southwestern Pacific, even in several very isolated populations, although others have been spared. Some strains of HTLV‐I in populations of the Pacific may have substantially different envelope proteins from prototype strains of America, Europe, an

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReplication of hepadnaviruses involves a viral DNA polymerase containing both a DNA‐dependent and an RNA dependent activity. This polymerase is a potential target for chemotherapy against hepatitis B. We have used human hepatitis B virus DNA‐dependent DNA polymerase from human serum and duck hepatitis B virus DNA‐dependent DNA polymerase from duck serum as well as RNA‐dependent DNA polymerase activity from duck hepatitis B‐infected duck liver. Triphosphates of thymidine analogs have been synthesized and tested for their inhibitory activities against these enzymes with the intention both to explore differences between these enzymes and structural requirements for inhibitors.The results showed that with the inhibitors tested, hepatitis B virus DNA‐dependent DNA polymerase was the most sensitive enzyme and the triphosphate of 5‐propenyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine was the most active inhibitor. In addition, the 5′‐triposphate of 5‐propenyl‐arabinofuranosyluracil also inhibited the hepadnavirus DNA‐dependent DNA polymerases, and was a competitive inhibitor with respect to 2′‐deoxythymidine triphosphate as showed by kinetic studies with duck hepatitis B virus DNA‐dependent DNA polymerase from serum.Pharmacokinetic analysis showed 5‐propenyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine to be well absorbed orally, but rapidly cleared from plasma. The arabinofuranosyl analog was also well absorbed but cleared less rapidly. Hence, these results indicate the potential of 5‐propenyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine and 5‐propenyl

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe antiviral effect of natural human interferon‐beta (HuIFN‐β) against human cytomegalovirus (CMV) was evaluated in human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HEL). Natural HuIFN‐β, like other HuIFNs, inhibited the replication of CMV. Pretreatment of the cells with natural HuIFN‐β inhibited the appearance of immediate‐early antigen (IEA) or pre‐early nuclear antigen (PENA) as well as the production of infectious CMV. After a single treatment with natural HuIFN‐β, intracellular 2′, 5′‐oligoadenylate (2‐5A) synthetase activity was induced and maintained at a high level for several days. The anti‐CMV effect of natural HuIFN‐β correlated with the intracel

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSubgenomic cDNA clones representing defined regions of the genome of Coxsackie B3 virus were used as hybridisation probes to detect RNA of various enteroviruses in cell culture and mouse model systems. Radiolabelled probes were used in slotblots to quantitate the RNA in samples; biotinylated probes were used to localise virus RNA at the cellular level by in situ hybridisation with monolayers of infected cells or thin sections of tissue samples. Probes derived from the 5′ or 3′ terminal regions of Coxsackie virus RNA, which are highly conserved in the genusEntero‐virus, detected RNA of various serotypes in infected cell cultures, but failed to hybridise with hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA. Although HAV is clearly a Picornavirus, our data support the view that its taxonomic position within the enteroviruses should be reconsidered. The biotinylated probes were also used to detect in situ virus RNA in paraffin‐embedded tissue samples from experimental mouse models of Coxsackie B3 virus‐induced myocarditis or Coxsackie B1 virus‐induced myositis. Since the integrity of the tissues was preserved during the process, and viral RNA was localised in the affected muscle fibres, this has enabled us unequivocally to relate the infecting virus to the underlying ti

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between host immune state and hepatic inflammation and infection pattern of the Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) was investigated by experimental transmission of DHBV into 98 Japanese 7‐day‐old ducklings that had been pretreated with immunoregulatory drugs including cyclophosphamide, OK 432, and a steroid hormone.Immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide revealed an extension of the viremic period associated with an absence of inflammatory changes in the liver. Although immunostimulating treatment with OK 432 showed a remarkable accumulation of inflammatory cells in the liver, the viremic period was not shortened. Treatment with a steroid used as a immunosuppressant did not suppress the hepatitis; moreover, it increased viral DNA replication and extended the viremic period. This phenomenon of viral replication seemed to be caused by the direct effects of the steroid.Alteration of DHBV infection by modifying the host immune state is quite similar to that of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in humans. In DHBV infection, the host immune state seemed to have a considerable role in determining the infection pattern and degree of hepatitis activity. DHBV may be a helpful model of HBV for studying host‐viral interaction and the immunological mechanism of viral hepa

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFilter in situ hybridisation (FISH) was used to detect the presence of DNA of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 or 16/18 in cell scrapes (CYTOFISH) and formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsies (HISTOFISH) taken from the uterine cervices of 19 women. Paraffin tissue sections collected for HISTOFISH were either digested with pepsin or lysed with alkali/Triton X‐100. The digest or lysate of the tissue sections and cell scrapes were applied to nylon or nitrocellulose membrances for nucleic acid hybridisation using32P‐labeled HPV‐DNA probes. CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH were compared directly by taking samples for each method from the cervices of the same women.Of 19 women examined by colposcopy, cytology, and histology, eight were assessed as normal and 11 had evidence of a cervical disorder and/or the presence of HPV infection. Whereas no HPV‐DNA was detected in the normal cases, the presence of HPV‐DNAs was detected by both CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH in 11 cases with histological evidence of HPV infection and/or dysplasia. In these HPV positive cases, eight contained HPV 16/18, two HPV 6/11, and one a mixed infection of HPV 6/11/16/18. The high correlation between the results of CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH shows that formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded cervical biopsies are suitable specimens for the detection and typing of HPV‐DNA by FISH. Both CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH should facilitate studies on the prevalence and distribution of HPVs and their associa

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to compare the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection among five ethnic groups in Pingtung County of southern Taiwan, a total of 240 serum samples were collected from September to October, 1985, from the following five ethnic groups: Taiwanese, Hakka, Mainland Chinese, aboriginal Paiwanese, and aboriginal Rukaiese. Ages of subjects ranged from 5 to 69 years. All sera were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), surface antibody (anti‐HBs), and core antibody (anti‐HBc) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to hepatitis D antigen (anti‐HDV) were also tested for those with HBsAg‐positive sera. Results showed that 44.1% of all sera examined were negative for HBsAg but positive for both anti‐HBs and anti‐HBc; additionally, 24.6% were negative for both HBsAg and anti‐HBs but positive for anti‐HBc. Only 134 serum samples showed negative results for HBV markers, indicating an HBV infection rate of 88.8%. The anti‐HDV positive rate was estimated to be 2.7% among HBsAg‐positive subjects. The HBsAg‐positive rates among Rukaiese, Paiwanese, Hakka, Taiwanese, and Mainland Chinese were 25.8, 22.5, 16.7, 12.9, and 10.0%, respectively; while the prevalence rates of HBV infection among the above five groups were 94.2, 94.6, 85.4, 87.5, and 82.5%, respectively. Differences in the HBsAg‐positive rate and HBV infection rate among these ethnic groups were statistically significant. We conclude that people living in Pingtung County are more frequently infected with HBV when compared with inhabit

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA32P‐labelled Hind III‐0 DNA fragment (nine Kilobases; Kb) from human cytomegalovirus AD‐169 (HCMV) was used in slot‐blot hybridisation assay for the detection of HCMV in clinical samples. The results obtained with DNA hybridisation assay (DNA HA) were compared with virus isolation using conventional tube cell culture (CTC) and centrifugation vial culture (CVC), immunofluorescence (IF), and complement fixation test (CFT). Of 15 CTC‐positive samples, 13 were positive with DNA HA (sensitivity 86.7%). Also, 14 additional samples were DNA HA‐positive but CTC‐negative. CVC and/or IF confirmed the diagnosis in nine of 14; the remaining five samples were from three patients who showed fourfold rising antibody titre by CFT. Although DNA HA using32P‐labelled probes is relatively cumbersome and expensive, it is a valuable test for quantitation of viral shedding in patients with HCMV infections who may benefit from an

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA 1‐year prospective cross‐sectional study of 363 children under 2 years of age admitted to hospital was undertaken to assess the importance of group F adenovirus infections. Faeces obtained within 48 hours of admission from 97 patients with and 266 patients without diarrhoea were screened by electron microscopy. Viruses were identified by morphological criteria, and all adenoviruses seen were retested by immune electron microscopy to identify group F serotypes. Group F adenoviruses (4 infections) were second in frequency to rotaviruses (16 infections), and both viruses were significantly associated with diarrhoea (P= 0.005 and 0.000001 respectively, chi‐squared test). All four group F infections occurred in children with diarrhoeal disease aged between 1 and 6 months and were numerically as important as rotavirus (three infections) in this group. Rotavirus infections occurred significantly more frequently in the 7‐24‐month age group with diarrhoea (11v.0 infections,P= 0.001, chi‐squared test). Nosocomial infection occurred with group F adenovirus as well as rotavirus. The finding that group F adenoviruses occur as frequently as rotaviruses in diarrhoeal disease that results in hospital admission in children between 1 and 6 months of age could have important implications for preventative

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260410

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSerum alphafetoprotein (AFP) levels were measured using a sensitive radioimmunoassay in 108 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive subjects and 695 controls. The concentrations were significantly higher in the HBsAg‐positives. Within this group, the highest levels were found in those with active HBV infection. In those without evidence of acute infection, the levels were higher in the high‐risk than in the low‐risk subjects. It is concluded: 1) that measurement of serum AFP might be a useful additional index of infectivity and prognosis in HBsAg‐positive subjects; and 2) that in the light of the association between chronic HBV infection, hepatocellular carcinoma, and raised AFP in non‐European populations, consideration should be given to regular monitoring of AFP levels in HBsAg‐positive subjects in the U

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260411

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY