摘要:

AbstractHigh prevalence of human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I) infection and disease has been identified among Iranian‐born Mashhadi Jews, an ethnically segregated, highly inbred population. To determine the origin and genetic diversity of HTLV‐I in this group, 1,039 bp spanning selected regions of the HTLV‐Igag, pol, envandpXgenes were enzymatically amplified and sequenced directly from DMA of five Mashhadi Jews (three with spastic myelopathy and two asymptomatic carriers). Alignment and comparison of these sequences with cosmopolitan and Australo‐Melanesian topotypes of HTLV‐I indicated that the HTLV‐I strains from Mashhadi Jews, which were ⩾99.9% identical among themselves, exhibited considerable sequence similarity (⩾99%) to HTLV‐I strains from southern India, suggesting a common source of infection. Phylogenetic analysis, using the maximum parsimony method, was consistent with a single‐source introduction of HTLV‐I into the Mashhadi Jewish communit

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890450402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMass screening for hepatitis C virus antibody was carried out in 875 inhabitants (313 men and 562 women) of a town in Japan with a high rate of hepatitis B virus infection. The overall rate of positivity for anti‐HCV was 8.8% (6.4% in men and 10,1% in women). The rate of positivity for hepatitis B virus surface antigen was 11.2%. Five subjects (0.6%) were positive for both markers. HCV‐RNA was detected in 65 (88.4%) of 77 individuals who were positive for anti‐HCV and in 1 (1.5%) of 60 individuals negative for anti‐HCV. The genotype of the HCV genome was determined by PCR analysis using type‐specific primers in 60 individuals. HCV type 1b was detected in 51 subjects (85%), type 2a in 3 subjects (5%), and type 2b in 6 subjects (10%). None of the individuals was infected with more than one genotype. The nucleotide sequences of the partial nonstructural 5 region of HCV type 1b genotype obtained from 6 individuals showed at least 92.0% homology in the nucleotide sequence, and 94.8% homology in the amino acid sequence. Homology among these clones was greater than their homology with previously described type 1 b sequences. The findings suggest that there was a specific local origin of HCV infection, although it was not possible to identify any single source of HCV infection. The results also indicate the presence of asymptomatic HCV carriers. © 1995 Wiley

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890450403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo elucidate the relationship between the clinical severity of chronic liver disease and the precore mutations in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐nega‐tive hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers, mutations were investigated in the precore region of HBV DNA in 20 chronic hepatitis B patients who sero‐converted either spontaneously or after the administration of α‐interferon (IFN), and 5 asymptomatic carriers. The precore mutation with a stop codon at nucleotide 1896 was found in all patients, irrespective of the histology and in all asymptomatic carriers. The second mutation at nucleotide 1899 was found in 40% of cases studied but always followed by the first mutation at nucleotide 1896. The mixed viral infection of precore mutant and wild‐type HBV virus was found in 40% of seroconverted cases after IFN treatment and in sera of HBV carriers obtained within a year after the spontaneous Seroconversion. These data suggest that the precore mutants prevail over wild‐type HBV in all HBeAg‐negative HBV carriers within several years after the sero‐conversion, but their prevalence could not confine the clinical severity of chronic liver disease. © 199

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890450404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in chronic hemodialysis patients ranges from 20 to 50% and these patients may serve as a reservoir of infection for their household contacts. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anti‐HCV in hemodialysis patients and their families, and to evaluate possible routes of infection. One hundred eighty‐six family members of 84 hemodialysis patients and 529 healthy adults were enrolled. The family members consisted of 50 spouses, 96 children, 11 parents, 29 siblings, and other relatives living together with the patients. Serum samples were collected for testing anti‐HCV. Exposure to risk factors was obtained by a questionnaire and an interview. The results showed that prevalence of anti‐HCV in hemodialysis patients was 44%, whereas in family members it was 5.4%, not significantly different from that of age‐matched healthy adults (standardized morbidity rate = 1.51,P= 0.390). The anti‐HCV rate in family members tended to increase with age, and a spouse of an infected hemodialysis patient had a higher risk of HCV infection than other family members (15% vs. 2.6%, odds ratio 6.6,P= 0.058). Except for the age factor, no difference was found between seropositive and se‐ronegative family members with respect to risk factors such as blood transfusion, surgery, frequent injections, dental procedures, or acupuncture. It was concluded that, although the anti‐HCV positivity of hemodialysis patients is high, the risk of HCV infection for their family members is not higher than that of the general population. Among family members, spouses of seropositive hemodialysis patients have the highest risk of HCV infection. These data imply that long‐term intimate contact between spouses plays a key role in the intrafamilial transmission of HCV. © 19

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890450405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA T‐cell help for generation of hepatitis C virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes was studied in three patients with chronic hepatitis C. In all three, human leukocyte antigen B44‐restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognizing an epitope in hepatitis C virus nucleocapsid protein residues 81–100 were generated from the peripheral blood lymphocytes by repeated stimulation with a synthetic hepatitis C virus nucleocapsid pep‐tide. The proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to hepatitis C virus nucleocapsid protein residues 1–120 was observed in one patient, and was ascribed to CD4+T cells. The helper T cells recognized a major epitope in residues 21–40 and a minor epitope(s) in residues 81–110. They produced interferon γ, but interleukin 4 was not detectable in the T‐helper cell culture supernatants. The hepatitis C virus nucleocapsid protein residues 1–120 and the major helper T‐cell epitope enhanced generation of hepatitis C virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro, although the protein alone did not generate them. In the other two patients, the protein did not enhance generation of hepatitis C virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. The results suggest that a hepatitis C virus‐specific helper T‐cell epitope is helpful for inducing a strong specific cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890450406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNo etiologic role of human T‐lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV‐II) in any disease is yet known. The present study showed a high incidence of HTLV‐II proviral DNA fragments in DNA of peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Using primers for the pol and tax regions of HTLV‐II proviral DNA, amplified DNA fragments were demonstrated in 51.5% of the patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in 11.8% of those with Graves' disease examined, but in only 1.9% of the disease controls and 1.0% of healthy individuals. These amplified DNA fragments hybridized with each of the inner probes. The nucleotide sequences of the DNA fragments of the pol and tax regions showed high homology with those of the prototype of HTLV‐II. No antibodies for HTLV‐II could, however, be detected in the patients examined. Because of the absence of its antibody, HTLV‐II infection was not confirmed in these patients, but the presence of HTLV‐II proviral DNA or its related DNA at high frequency suggests a relationship of HTLV‐II with the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. © 19

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890450407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe prevalence of different hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in HCV infected individuals and the relation between the HCV genotypes and the source of the infection are controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the HCV genotypes in French blood donors. Fifty‐one anti‐HCV positive blood donors were studied with detectable serum HCV RNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers derived from the 5′ non‐coding region. For genotyping HCV, we used a method based on analysis of the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) after amplification by PCR of the HCV non‐structural 5 (NS5) genome domain. Using this technique, the genotypes of 39 of the 51 blood donors (76%) were determined. Three previously described genotypes were found: 19 blood donors were infected by HCV genotype I (37%), 14 were infected by HCV genotype II (27%), 3 were infected by HCV genotype III (6%), and 3 were coinfected by two genotypes (6%). All three blood donors infected with two different genotypes were intravenous drug abusers. A past history of intravenous drug abuse was more frequent in blood donors with HCV genotype I. However, there was no difference in alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, histological lesions, and RIBA‐2 patterns in blood donors infected with either HCV genotype I or HCV genotype II. These findings indicate that most HCV genotypes isolated from French blood donors belong to HCV genotype I and HCV genotype II, and that risk factors for HCV infection may differ for different genotypes of HCV. © 1995 Wil

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890450408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInbred mouse strains exhibit varying susceptibilities to severe herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐1 ‐related neurologic disease. HSV‐1 replication was examined in neural tissue obtained from mouse strains susceptible (A/J, SJL), moderately resistant (Balb/c), or resistant (C57BL/6) to severe HSV‐1 disease. Reaggregated brain cultures were prepared from mechanically dissociated fetal mouse brains maintained with constant rotation. The resulting aggregates each contain neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. These were inoculated with 10−2−104plaque‐forming units (pfu) HSV‐1 Maclntyre/aggregate. Aggregates and media were harvested at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr post‐inoculation (p.i.) and assayed for virus production by plaque titration. Brain cultures prepared from A/J, SJL, Balb/c, and C57BL/6 mice supported HSV‐1 replication equally well: by 96 hr p.i., titers of 106pfu/ml were produced by each strain at each inoculum. ID50s were similar for A/J and C57BL/6 cultures. There was no increased capacity for HSV‐1 replication or for permissiveness for HSV‐1 infection in histiotypic brain cultures from mouse strains susceptible to severe HSV‐1 diseas

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890450409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAntibodies against eight synthetic peptides spanning different epitopes located on L1, L2, and E4 proteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 6, and 11 were examined in sera from 73 women infected by HPV and from 139 healthy controls. Only three of these peptides were reactive. Two located on proteins L2 and E4 of HPV 16 seem type specific since antibodies to these peptides were detected, respectively, in 21% and 15% of the HPV 16 infected patients and in 2.5% and none of women infected by other HPVs. The third peptide located on the L1 protein of HPV 6 bears a common epitope since antibodies to this peptide were detected not only in 85% of women infected by HPV 6 or 11, but also in 82% of women infected by other HPVs, and in 74% and 71% of the control groups (10–12‐year‐old children and adults, respectively). In conclusion, none of the peptides investigated seems useful to develop ELISAs for serological diagnosis of HPV infection. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890450410

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe second envelope protein (E2) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was cloned and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. This E2 glycoprotein was purified using ion exchange and lectin chromatography and used to construct an enzyme immunoassay for HCV E2 antibodies. The assay was shown to have good specificity, and detection of E2 antibodies was positively correlated (97.3%) to the presence of HCV RNA in serum and plasma. A high concordance between HCV 2.0 and E2 EIA reactivities was also observed. E2 antibody was the first serological marker to appear in 3/5 HCV seroconversion panels. This work demonstrated that 42.4% of core and 15.4% of NS3 indeterminate specimens also contained antibodies to E2, suggesting that HCV infection had occurred in these individuals. The E2 antibody assay was used to evaluate HCV 2.0 EIA‐positive, HCV 3.0 EIA‐negative plasma donors with indeterminate reactivity on RIBA HCV 2.0 or MATRIX HCV 1.0. Several HCV 3.0‐negative specimens were shown to contain E2 antibodies in addition to an original indeterminate serological marker, primarily core. It is concluded that anti‐E2 is a useful marker for determining HCV infection, and that the presence of antibodies to two nonoverlapping viral gene products suggests true HCV exposure. New HCV 3.0 blood screening tests should detect HCV 2.0‐positive donors who present with an indeterminate pattern by RIBA or MATRIX and who also carry E2 antibodies. © 1995 Wiley

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890450411

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY