摘要:

AbstractIn an interim analysis of our ongoing immunization program against hepatitis B (HB), started in early 1982, we tested 283 serum samples from 77 female and 110 male vaccinees for antibody to HB surface antigen (anti‐HBs). We compared two methods, Anti‐HBs EIA (ROCHE) (method 1), which is a neutralization test, and AUSABR EIA (method 2), which is a double‐antigen‐sandwich test.The nonresponder rate (after the 12‐month booster dose of Hevac B Pasteur) was 4% in females with both methods, in males 15% measured with method 1 and 11% measured with method 2. Five healthy HBsAg carriers were detected only by method 1.When the samples were grouped according to their anti‐HBs titers, method 1 measured higher in samples taken after three vaccine doses and method 2 did so in samples collected after the 12‐month booster dose. This tendency was confirmed with samples from slow responders who received a 4th vaccine dose soon after the initial three doses. We therefore confirm the efficacy of the plasma‐derived HBsAg vaccine and validate the assay systems used to measure anti‐HBs, one parameter of immunity to H

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890200302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGuinea pigs infected with Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus (Junin) were treated with pooled, homologous convalescent sera. Use of 15,000 or 5,000 therapeutic units of immune sera prevented all signs of illness when administered within 24 hr of infection. We could also prevent illness and death in infected guinea pigs as late as 6 days after infection if we used more antisera (30,000 therapeutic units/ kg). In some treatment groups, surviving animals developed a late neurological syndrome with prominant rear‐limb paralysis. Treated animals typically expressed higher viral titers in the brain than in any other organ. There appeared to be no acute exacerbation of disease by antibody administration. Our data suggest that, after replicating peripherally, Junin virus infects the brain where circulating immunoglobulins may not eliminate viable virus. Subsequent replication of virus in the brain may generate a neurological phase of the illness. Histological examination of brains from guinea pigs in treatment groups favoring the neurological phase of illness showed encephalitis, meningitis, and swollen astrocytes, suggestive of neuronal degeneration. There is likely a delicate balance among presence of virus in the brain, the amount of antibody transported into the central nervous system, and the occurrence of this late neurological aspect of experimental Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Further study of this model may elucidate factors relevant in understanding the continuing problem of the late neurological syndrome seen in some human cases of Argentine hemorrhagic fever treated with immune plasm

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890200303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe interrelation between HBeAg subtypes, HBeAg/l and HBeAg/2, in sera was examined immunochemically. The detection of HBeAg subtypes in immunodiffusion (ID) depended upon the amount of HBeAg determined by reversed passive haemagglutination (RPHA), ie, the titres of HBeAg in sera positive for both HBeAg/l and HBeAg/2, positive for only HBeAg/l and negative for both HBeAg/ 1 and HBeAg/2 were 29.8 ± 1.527.0 ± 1.6and 25.6 ± 1.3, respectively. When the sera belonging to the latter two groups were concentrated up to 2″ RPHA titre, the precipitin line corresponding to that of HBeAg/2‐anti‐HBeAg/2 was visualized in ID.Monoclonal anti‐HBeAg antibody that absorbed only the precipitin line of HBeAg/1‐anti‐HBeAg/1 in ID was prepared for the characterization of HBeAg subtypes. A linear correlation (r = 0.91) between titres of HBeAg determined by the RPHA cells prepared with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies was found in almost all HBeAg‐positive sera. The reactivities of this monoclonal anti‐HBeAg antibody to both HBeAg/l and HBeAg/2 were demonstrated in affinity chromatography experiments using a Sepharose 4B column conjugated with this antibody.These results suggest that both HBeAg/l and HBeAg/2 are constantly present in HBeAg‐positive sera and that they are closely associated. Based upon these results, a hypothetical model for the elucidation of the immunological relationship between HBeAg/l and

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890200304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome carries an open reading frame of 462 bases, the X region, but the corresponding protein has yet to be identified as a natural product. In rodent cells cotransformed with the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus and HBV DNA, however, Gough [1983] identified a mRNA that hybridises uniquely with the X region of the HBV genome. A large fragment of the X region was inserted into plasmid pCL19LDY‐T in order to produce, inEscherichia coli, the X gene product, HBxAg, as a polypeptide fused to the N‐terminal part of the phage þcro gene product. Antisera raised against this fused polypeptide gave positive immunofluorescence reactions with the transformed rodent cells. This provides direct evidence for the expression of the HBxAg gene in eukaryotic cells transformed with HBV DNA. The approach used here should be generally applic

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890200305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractApproximately 15 to 20% of the general population in Taiwan are chronic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. However, the incidence of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection is low (5–8%) in patients with HBsAg‐positive chronic liver diseases in this area. To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HDV infection among drug abusers in Taiwan, serum samples were collected from 152 drug abusers at the Taipei Municipal Anti‐Narcotic Institute and test for HBV and HDV markers. Of these, 24 (15.8%) were HBsAg positive, and only 15 (9.9%) were seronegative for all HBV markers. Of the 115 intravenous drug abusers, serum antibody to hepatitis D antigen (anti‐HD) was positive in 78.9% of 19 persons who were HBsAg positive, and in 7.5% of 80 persons who were positive for antibody to HBsAg (anti‐HBs). Anti‐HD was not detected in the sera from all 37 nonintravenous drug abusers regardless of the status of their HBV markers. Also, none of 63 asymptomatic HBsAg carrier pregnant women or 23 patients with acute type B viral hepatitis had measurable anti‐HD in their sera. Thus, the high frequency of HDV detected among Chinese HBsAg carrier intravenous drug abusers in Taiwan is similar to that reported in West

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890200306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to shed light on the mode of HTLV‐I infection by mother‐to‐child transmission, we examined sera of school children in a highly endemic town on two separate occasions at a 6‐year interval. The carrier rates in ages 15–17, 8.7 and 2.1%, were significantly higher than that in ages 6–8, 1.7 and 0.4%, in studies. The latter survey showed a significantly lower carrier rate in each age group. Moreover, the carrier rates of those students born in 1965–1967 and 1968–1970 were stable in the interval. The data suggested that carrier rates of children at certian ages are reflected by the date of birth rather than by age.A prospective survey of children born of carrier mothers found the overall carrier rate to be approximately 25%, which did not increase with their age. There was no sexual difference in the carrier rate of children: 5/25 in male and 9/34 in females (χ2= 0.3). Carrier mothers could be separated into two groups: HTLV‐I antigen‐positive mothers and negative mothers. Nine out of 19 antigen‐positive mothers (47%) and 2 of 19 antigen‐negative mothers (11 %) had carrier children (χ2= 6.3). Twelve of 30 children born of antigen‐positive carrier mothers (40%) were carriers, in contrast to 2 of 24 children (8%) of antigen‐negative mothers (χ2= 7.8). Furthermore, 12 of 14 carrier children (86%) were of antigen‐positive mothers. This suggests that postnatal but early transmission of HTLV‐I plays a significant role in the maintenance of HTLV‐I endemy and the developme

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890200307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to assess the effect of the antiviral Ribavirin on the course of Junin virus infection in Callithrix jacchus, seven inoculated monkeys were treated with 15 mg of the drug, twice a day, starting 6 days after infection when all animals were viremic. The three untreated controls showed typical signs of Junin virus infection at 14 days pi and their mean time of death was 18 days. In contrast, no signs of illness were detected in Ribavirin‐treated animals until 24 days pi, when marmosets showed signs of neurological involvement: 5 of these animals died (mean day of death: 36) but the two remaining treated monkeys improved and survived infection without sequelae. The comparison of survival rates (0% vs 28%) and the delay of the mean day of death observed indicates that the Ribavirin treatment used has therapeutic effect on Junin virus infection in viv

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890200308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA total of 362 sera from 295 Canadian patients were examined for HBsAg, anti‐HBs, anti‐HBc, anti‐HBcIgM, HBeAg, and anti‐HBe using commercial immunoassays. Serial samples from 70 acutely infected patients demonstrated that anti‐HBcIgM may detect 10% more positives than HBsAg within 4 months after the onset of clinical symptoms, and all except two were negative for anti‐HBcIgM after the fourth month. None of 66 asymptomatic (HBeAg rate 18.2%) and two of 14 (14.3%) symptomatic (HBeAg rate 64.3%) carriers of HBsAg were positive for anti‐HBcIgM (P = 0.029). Elevated marker responses were measured in two symptomatic carriers for a 20‐month period. Anti‐HBcIgM was not detected in either 100 asymptomatic patients positive for total anti‐HBc, negative for HBsAg and negative for or possessing low levels of anti‐HBs, 25 patients with liver disorders not caused by HBV, or 20 healthy milk donors. In diagnostic laboratory practice this anti‐HBcIgM test may be useful in the following situations: to supplement HBsAg testing, providing a theoretical 10% increase in positives within 4 months following onset of acute viral hepatitis; to replace testing for anti‐HBc and anti‐HBs in symptomatic HBsAg‐negative patients; to confirm whether a patient is experiencing acute or chronic HBV infection or symptoms superimposed upon asymptomatic HBsAg carriage by another cause, such

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890200309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCervical scrapes collected from 100 consecutive patients participating in a prospective follow‐up study for cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections were tested for the presence of HPV 11 DNA by the nucleic acid sandwich hybridization method, which allows testing the specimens in a crude form. Part of each specimen was processed through phenol extraction and DNA purification to a dot blot hybridization assay. The dot blots were serially hybridized with HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 probes as well as with an Alu‐repeat probe to estimate the number of cells in the specimen. In PAP smears, HPV‐infection was suspected in 63 patients whereas in 37 patients the smear was negative. In the first group, the dot blot assay revealed three cases of HPV 11, two of HPV 16, and one of HPV 18 infection. In the second group with normal PAP smear, one additional HPV 18 infection was found. The sandwich hybridization assay detected 5 HPV 11 infections, including the three mentioned above. All HPV DNA‐positive samples contained at least 1.6 × 106cells. Since we considered this a prerequisite for successful diagnosis, only 25 specimens in the first group and 15 in the second were adequate specimens. Thus the HPV‐DNA detection rate was 32% (8/25) in the first group and 1115 in the second. This study demonstrates that sandwich hybridization, detecting 1–3 × 105HPV 11 molecules is a reliable diagnostic method. Cervical scrape is a valuable altenative to punch biopsy, but the number of cells collected is critical for the outcome

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890200310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe describe here a cDNA: RNA hybridization system for the study of human rhinoviruses. We have constructed an M13 probe from the 5′ end of the genome of rhinovirus 14 (HRV‐14) and used this to detect directly viral RNA. Of the 56 human rhinoviruses so far investigated 54 or 96.4% gave clearly positive hybridization signals. However, the strength of this signal depended very much on the molecular relationship of these viruses. Thus, HRV‐3, 4, 17, 72, and, to a slightly lesser extent, HRV‐2, 6, 9, 13, 19, 31, 42, 49, 64, and 69 appear to be closely related to HRV‐14 whereas HRV‐5, 7, 8, 16, 32, 40, 45, 55, 56, 63, 80, 82, and 85 appear to be relatively divergent. Further, evidence is provided in this study that indicates that it would be feasible to use cDNA probes to detect human rhinoviruses in nasal washings. However, the sensitivity of detection was clearly affected by both the inclusion of inhibitors of endogenous RNase activity in the RNA extraction mixture and also in the method of extracting the viral RNA. From reconstruction experiments in nasal washings and under optimal conditions, we can detect virus at 102

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890200311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY