摘要:

AbstractWe attempted to protect three rhesus monkeys from Lassa fever by vaccination with a preparation of purified whole Lassa virus which had been inactivated by gamma irradiation. The vaccinated monkeys developed antibodies against the three major viral proteins of Lassa virus demonstrated by radioimmunoprecipitation. When the three vaccinated monkeys and two unvaccinated control monkeys were challenged all five became severely ill and died. Prior to death a secondary, high‐titer antibody response to Lassa virus was observed in the three vaccinated monkeys, whereas the two unvaccinated monkeys developed a primary, low‐titer antibody response. Though titers of Lassa virus in serum reached peak levels earlier following challenge in the non vaccinated, at the time of death serum and organ virus liters did not differ significantly. Changes in platelet aggregation, leukocyte counts, and liver enzymes, abnormalities of which have been associated with severity of Lassa fever, were found to be comparable in the two groups. The humoral antibody response measured in these animals following vaccination, although of the same magnitude as found in humans recovered from Lassa fever, was insufficient to protect the animals from this fatal disease. Evidence is now accumulating that the cell‐mediated immune response must be activated in order to protect against challenge with arenaviruses. © 1992 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890370102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA comparison of the ability of cervical cytology and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV 16) to identify women with cervical disease has been performed in a general practice population of 249 women, none of whom were believed to have current cervical disease prior to examination. Within this population, 29 women were found by colposcopy and subsequent histopathology to have evidence of cervical disease [5 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3; 8 with CIN 2; and 16 with CIN 1]. The prevalence of HPV 16 in this population was 18.9% (CIN 3, 80%; CIN 2, 50%, CIN 1, 12.5%, normal, 16.8%). Women with severe disease (CIN 2 and CIN 3) had a significantly higher incidence of HPV 16 DNA than those with mild cervical disease (CIN 1) or no cervical abnormality (P= 0.001). There was no significant difference in the ability of either PCR for HPV 16 or cytology to identify women with cervical disease. The combination of screening by cytologyandthe presence of HPV 16 DNA resulted in the identification of a higher proportion of the women with disease, but this observation did not reach statistical significance. Although the failure to detect disease by the two screening methods was similar, HPV 16 DNA positivity was associated with a higher false‐positive rate for disease detection than cytology (P<0.03). The PCR assay for detecting HPV 16 in this investigation was shown to have a false‐positive rate of 2.4% and a false‐negative rate of 10.4%. The prospect of screening women for cervical disease using PCR for HPV 16 is discussed. © 1992 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890370103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA prospective study of 65 men and 111 women with multiple heterosexual partners was designed to assess the prevalence and potential risk factors of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. In addition, the HPV reservoir in genital, rectal, and oral mucosa was examined.The specimens for the detection of HPV DNA were taken from different sites such as the urethra and coronal sulcus (men), cervix and labia minora (women), anus, rectum, tongue, and buccal mucosa (both men and women). Women underwent speculum examination and colposcopic evaluation of the anogenital region, and a smear for routine cytological classification was also taken. In men, the anogenital region was examined clinically and colposcopically.The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of HPV types 6/11, 16, 18, and 33.A high prevalence of HPV infection at one or more sites was detected, in 32% of the male and in 23% of the female participants. Seventeen percent of the male distal urethral specimens were positive for HPV DNA. From the female cervical specimens 14% were found positive. Ten proctal specimens (five men and five women) were positive for HPV DNA without any discernible lesion. The persons from whom these samples were taken denied anal insertive intercourse. No oral manifestation of HPV infection was detected.In both men and women a difference between HPV DNA‐positive and ‐negative persons was not found in relation to known risk factors associated HPV infection.The clinical manifestation of HPV infections in this group of heterosexual men and women with multiple sexual partners is characterised by a high rate of latency both in men (72%) and women (80%), which may be important in the understanding of the transmission of HPV. The male urethra was identified as an important site of latent infection. The data support heterosexual transmission of HPV and suggest a nonsexual means of spread at the same time. © 1992 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890370104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA gene amplification method that combines the polymerase chain reaction with detection of amplified DNA in a solution hybridization/enzyme immunoassay (PCR‐EIA) was developed for HPV‐16 DNA. Samples were amplified with primers for the E7‐E1 region of HPV‐16. Amplified DNA products were identified and quantitated by hybridization in solution with a biotinylated RNA probe. Labeled DNA/RNA hybrids were measured semiquantitatively in an enzyme immunoassay using solid phase anti‐biotin antibody and liquid phase B‐d‐galactosidase labeled monoclonal antibody against DNA‐RNA hybrids. Enzyme bound to the solid phase was quantitated with a fluorogenic substrate. The assay was linear over 2 log10dilutions of SiHa cells and the detection limit was three copies of HPV‐16 genome. The sensitivity of PCR‐EIA for detection of PCR amplified products compared favorably with slot and Southern blots using a32P‐labeled RNA probe. The assay was used to assess HPV‐16 infection of uterine cervix in women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Twenty‐one of the 81 specimens (25.9%), obtained by cervicovaginal lavage, were positive for HPV‐16 by PCR‐EIA. The assay provides a convenient means to objectively measure HPV DNA amplified wit

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890370105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe association between EBV and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has been well documented although the precise role of the virus in the genesis of the tumour is not understood. We undertook this study to examine the prevalence of EBV infection in nasopharyngeal tissue obtained from 33 healthy individuals not considered to be at risk of developing NPC. Using polymerase chain amplification (PCR) andin situhybridization we have identified EBV DNA in 70% (23/33) of the tissues examined. Our data demonstrate that EBV is present at the site of tumour development in the low‐risk population and by inference that the virus is also present before the onset of disease in the high‐risk group. This survey supports the concept of NPC pathogenesis as a multifactorial process. © 1992 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890370106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have previously shown in 3 allogeneic bone‐marrow transplant (BMT) recipients that complete replacement of recipient marrow was associated with the elimination of the pretransplant Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) strain of the recipient. To study the kinetics of EBV elimination and rein‐fection in more detail, we have performed a longitudinal study of BMT recipients combining serology, virus isolation from mouthwashes and peripheral blood, and EBV strain characterization.Oropharyngeal EBV excretion was found to persist after the cytoreductive therapy prior to BMT, whereas EBV‐carrying cells in the blood were detected only after 5 weeks following BMT. During the first month post‐BMT, 2 different EBV strains could be isolated from sequential mouthwashes of 3 patients. The initial strains were found to persist up to 7, 21, and 29 days post‐BMT, whereas the subsequent strains appeared at 21, 42, and 34 days post‐BMT, respectively. Thus, the original EBV strain may persist only for a limited time after BMT, and the oropharyngeal epithelium may be reinfected by a new EBV strain from the blood within 3 weeks.With respect to the coexistence of multiple EBV strains, 2 patterns were evident. From the day 62 mouthwash of 1 patient, 1 Type A and 1 Type B strain were isolated. From the day 180 mouthwash of a second patient, a dominant Type A strain was recovered, together with 6 “variant” strains that differed from each other by only a single EBNA protein (EBNA 1). This pattern may be explained by viral recombinations during replication, which may form the basis for the vast polymorphism of EBV observed in unrelated individuals. © 19

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890370107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdvisory committees recommend hepatitis B (HBV) immunization for professional and student health‐care workers. However, the currently licensed vaccines are expensive, and previous surveys have shown that few students (14%) have been immunized in Canada. A low‐cost immunization program was offered to health‐care students in order to determine whether the effectiveness of HBV immunization could be improved by substantially reducing the vaccine cost to recipients. The immunogenicity, side effects, and 3‐dose completion rate of a low‐cost Korean HBV vaccine were compared with a similar U.S.‐made vaccine. A total of 922 postsecondary students enrolled in 6 health‐care disciplines in Ottawa, Canada were surveyed for hepatitis‐6 immunization status. Nonimmunized students were subsequently offered HBV vaccine at total cost of $15 (Canadian), randomly allocated t o receive 3 intramuscular doses of either Korean or U.S.‐made plasma‐derived HBV vaccine in a double‐blind fashion, surveyed about side effects, and tested for hepatitis B surface antibody seroconversion. Only 12% of the 922 surveyed students had been previously immunized when vaccine was obtainable only at high cost. However, 66% of those not immunized participated in the vaccine trial and paid the $15 fee. Hepatitis‐B surface antibody seroconversion (≥10 sample ratio units by radioimmunoassay) occurred in 291/311 (93.6%) and 299/310 (96.5%) of recipients of 3 doses of the Korean and U.S. vaccines, respectively (P= 0.10). There were no meaningful differences in vaccine adverse effects, and 92.6% of recipients of either vaccine completed 3 doses. These results support the view that HBV immunization would be more effective (vaccine acceptance rates higher, greater proportions of persons protected) if lower cost vaccines were markete

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890370108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractApart from infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), other microorganisms may be involved in the development of cervical neoplasia. To study concomitant infections with HPV andChlamydia trachomatis, cervical specimens from 4 groups of women were examined for the presence of these microorganisms by the polymerase chain reaction. The first group consisted of 143 consecutive samples from women with no cytological abnormalities who participated in a triennial screening program to prevent cervical cancer. In this group 2 samples were found positive for HPV and 2 additional samples were found positive forC. trachomatis. In the second group of 46 cytologically abnormal smears, HPV DNA was detected in 71.7% of the samples and C. trachomatis in 4.3%. In a third group of 94 histological abnormal biopsies, the HPV prevalence ranged from 15% in mild dysplastic lesions up to 92% in invasive cervical carcinomas. Only 2 biopsies of this group (2.1%) were found positive forC. trachornatis. Finally, a group of cervical scrapes was obtained from women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. In 52 samples positive forC. trachornatisand 60 samples negative forC. trachomatis, no significant (P= 0.57) difference in the frequency of HPV infections was found (11.5% and 8.3%, respectively). The data show that in these study groups HPV andC. trachomatisare independently occurring agents. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890370109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNewly developed assays for antibody to hepatitis E virus (HEV) were used to study 114 serum samples collected during an outbreak of enterically transmitted hepatitis that occurred in Kashmir in 1978/9. The sera included samples from patients with viral hepatitis, anicteric hepatitis, contacts of cases, and unaffected persons. A total of 71% of patients with viral hepatitis were found positive for anti‐HEV specific IgG, and 75% of these were also positive for IgM. These data confirm the hepatitis E virus as the causative agent in this outbreak. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890370110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA total of 160 sera from HIV‐1 infected individuals from Tanzania were examined for their fine specificity characteristics relative to 9 synthetic peptides that define HIV‐1 gp160 epitopes. Immunorecessive and immunodominant epitopes were identified in both gp120 and gp41 based on serologic reactivity of these HIV‐1 infected sera. A significant difference in fine specificity among HIV‐1 infected individuals from Tanzania and the United States was observed for an immunodominant gp41 epitope. No significant differences in reactivity among asymptomatic vs. symptomatic HIV‐1 infected individuals were detected for the selected HIV‐1 gp160 epitopes defined by these peptides. The majority of sera from HIV‐1 infected Tanzanians contained antibodies that recognized a peptide corresponding to the V3 region of gp120 from the HIV‐1 MN isolate. These data suggest that regional isolates of HIV‐1 may exist in Tanzania that differ from HIV‐1 isolated in the United States. However, based on serology, HIV‐1 isolates exhibiting sequences with HIV‐1 MN V3 similarity may also be prevalent in Tanzania. The results of this study may be useful for the design of more effective AIDS diagnostic and therapeutic products for use worldwide.

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890370111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY