摘要:

AbstractEpidemics of a malaria‐like illness affected several thousand residents of the Dam Camp, a refugee camp near Hargeysa in Somalia, during 1985, 1986, and 1987. The disease was characterized by fever, chills, sweats, headache, back and joint pains for as long as 10 days in some patients. Blood smears from acutely ill patients were negative for malaria. Of 28 acute and 10 convalescent sera tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, all were negative for antibody to Rift Valley fever, Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever, Sindbis, Chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. However, antibody reactive to dengue 2 virus was detected by the IFA test in 39% (15/38), and 11 of 29 (38%) of the same sera were antibody positive by the HI test. Also, IgG antibody reactive to dengue 2 was demonstrated in 60% (17/28) of the same sera by the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and 14% (4/28) were positive for IgM antibody. Of ten patients for which acute and convalescent sera were available, two developed four fold or greater rises in antibody titer evidencing infection. These data suggested that dengue virus may have been the cause of the epidemic among the Dam Camp refug

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890290202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMonocytes and macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Dysfunction of these cells contributes to the immunocompromised state that characterizes AIDS, and they probably serve as a reservoir for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV‐infected macrophages may also be responsible for the infection of many CD4‐positive lymphocytes by means of cell to cell contact during the initiation of immunological responses. The efficiency of this process would be enhanced by activation of the macrophages, since that is accompanied by increased expression of class II major histocompatibility (HLA‐DR) antigen. Using a direct blood antibody marking procedure in conjunction with flow cytometry, we have analyzed the expression of HLA‐DR antigen on the surfaces of monocytes present in the peripheral blood of HIV‐infected patients. In contrast to the results reported by other investigators who purified the monocytes using Ficoll‐Hypaque centrifugation prior to antibody marking, we found that the percentage of monocytes expressing HLA‐DR antigen was identical in the patients and normal controls. However, a subpopulation of monocytes was detected in the blood of the majority of the patients that was expressing increased levels of HLA‐DR antigen. It was also found that the proportion of monocytes with a high density of HLA‐DR antigen on their surfaces negatively correlated with the absolute numbers of CD4‐positive lymphocytes present in the peripheral blood of the patient. These findings support the postulated role of monocytes and macrophages in the HIV infection and ultimate destruction of CD4

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890290203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPeripheral blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells from 35 immunocompromised patients (22 heart transplant recipients and 13 AIDS patients) and four normal subjects were tested for the presence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early antigen (IEA) (antigenemia) by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) and IEA‐specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb). PMN samples were tested in parallel for HCMV isolation (viremia) by using MAb to viral early antigens (EA) and the IFA technique 24–48 hr after inoculation onto human fibroblast monolayers. HCMV was isolated from 26 of 83 PMN samples examined: of these, 25 were also positive for HCMV IEA (96% sensitivity). Seven additional PMN samples negative for viral isolation resulted IEA‐positive (87.7% specificity). Six of the seven discordant samples were taken from four patients during ganciclovir treatment. The transitory dissociation between positive HCMV antigenemia and negative viremia during antiviral treatment was followed, at the end of the therapy, either by virus clearance and disappearance of IEA‐positive PMNs (one patient) or by reappearance of viremia (three patients). Among concordant positive samples, a significant correlation was observed between the number of IEA‐positive PMN leukocytes and EA‐positive nuclei of infected fibroblasts, when the same number of PMNs were used for

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890290204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSince the detection of antibodies against the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) does not definitely prove HIV infection in hemophiliacs, virus detection was attempted by virus isolation from the peripheral blood monocytes (PBL), by demonstration of p24 antigen and decline of p24 antibody, and by detection of viral DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Virus isolation was optimized by immediate coculture of PBL and by replacement of the reverse transcriptase test by the p24 antigen test, whereas the elimination of CD8+lymphocytes proved to be unnecessary. Virus detection was dependent on the clinical stage of the illness. Virus isolation in 70 of 211 patients (33%) was more sensitive than detection of p24 antigen or decline of p24 antibody. PCR was performed in 25 patients and indicated infection in all of 15 isolation‐positive cases and in 6 of 10 patients from whom virus was not isolated. Changes from negative to positive virus culture and from a weakly fusiogenic to a highly fusiogenic isolate were often accompanied by a progression of the disease. The results suggest that reactivation of HIV occurs when immune deficiency has become manifest. Apparently virus isolation detects only the virus already reactivated in vivo, whereas the PCR may also detect latent viru

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890290205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPeripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from two human cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐seronegative donors and eight CMV‐seropositive donors were cultured for 3 days with or without the biological response modifier OK‐432 and examined for lysis of K562 cells and CMV‐infected MRC‐5 cells. OK‐432–stimulated PBL exhibited significantly greater natural killer (NK) activity than did unstimulated PBL. There was no difference in activity of NK cells in PBL prepared from CMV‐seronegative and ‐seropositive donors. Antibody‐complement depletion studies suggested that OK‐432–stimulated NK activity was associated with Leu‐7–positive cells. The ability of OK‐432 to sustain the NK activity in PBL was decreased when the CD4‐positive population of lymphocytes was eliminated by antibody‐complement depletion prior to OK‐432 stimulation. The ability of OK‐432 to sustain the NK activity of PBL was also significantly decreased in the presence of monoclonal antibody against recombinant human interleukin‐2. The results suggest that the activity of human NK cells against K562 and CMV‐infected MRC‐5 target cells can be sustained in vitro by OK‐432‐stimulated T‐helper cells and that the effect of the T‐helper ce

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890290206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPatients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) commonly suffer from opportunistic infections associated with members of the herpes virus family. To investigate whether certain of these other viruses might have an effect on the ability of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) to replicate, we coincubated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from nine HIV‐1‐seropositive donors with live preparations of various herpes viruses. In seven of nine cases, exposure of PBMC to preparations of either HSV‐1, HSV‐2, or CMV stimulated the cells to become active producers of HIV‐1, as determined by reverse transcriptase activity and by the presence of infectious progeny virus. This increased production of HIV‐1 particles appeared to be a consequence of mitogenic proliferation and of herpes virus‐encoded transacting factors. These results supplement earlier findings on the molecular activation of the HIV‐1 genome by both HSV and CMV genetic elements and point to a possible role for these viruses in the pathogenesis and ultimate clinical outcome of

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890290207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe noncoding region (ncr) of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, and 11 contains promoter and/or enhancer function. We have localized the sequence containing the constitutive enhancers of HPV types 16, 18, and 11 to 315, 230, and 213 bp fragments, respectively, for comparative studies. The region of homology shared between the enhancers of the three viruses is limited to the sequence ATTTTTGGCTT, which is also present in the ncr of HPV 6b and 33. We have also examined the enhancer activity of the HPV ncrs in three human cervical carcinoma cell lines, one noncervical human carcinoma cell line, and one monkey kidney established cell line. We observed cell‐specific differences in the constitutive expression of the enhancers in the various cell lines. The conditional enhancer activity of the ncr of the viruses is increased in trans by the E2 gene product of HPV 16. Transactivation by E2 is mediated through the E2 binding motif on HPV enhancer plasmids with a heterologous but not with a homologous promoter. Our preliminary studies also indicate a repressor function for the E7 gene of HPV 1

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890290208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIgA and IgG coproantibodies to individual simian rotavirus (SA 11) structural polypeptides were detected in healthy infants in nursery homes. The number of immunoblottable peptides differed from individual to individual. Coproantibodies were also detected at the convalescent stage of rotavirus infection in two patients but not during the acute stage. This method is useful for confirming the diagnosis of rotavirus infection serologically without the need for paired sera.

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890290209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFrom the Pacific Republic of Kiribati, 90/130 (69%) of hepatitis B‐infected individuals carry antibodies to hepatitis delta virus. The prevalence of delta infection varied between geographically isolated subgroups in the population and delta antibodies were found more frequently in subjects over the age of 10. It is unlikely that delta superinfection in this population is associated with an acute hepatitic illness. The prevalence of delta infection is the highest recorded from the Pacific region and thus migrants from Kiribati may have provided the source of infection in other populations in this regio

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890290210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSix monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) were tested for passive protection in JEV‐infected mice, goats, and rhesus monkeys. mG9 and nG2 had no protective effect; mG3 and 2D2 had some protective effect, but not sufficient to be of therapeutic significance; and 2H4 and 2F2 had excellent protective efficacy in mice even 120 hr after infection when most of the mice in the virus control group were sick. The mixture of 2H4, 2F2, mC3 (M‐McAb), and their F(ab')2 fragments showed excellent protection in mice, goats, and monkeys and was safe. The protective effects of McAbs correlated with their neutralization titers, but cytotoxicity‐mediated activities also played a role in prote

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890290211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY