摘要:

Abstractβ‐propiolactone (β‐PL) treatment has been evaluated for its ability to inactivate 103.5chimpanzee infectious doses (CID50) of the Hutchinson strain of hepatitis non‐A, non‐B virus (HNANBV). Two chimpanzees were inoculated with a β‐PL‐treated immunoglobulin solution to which this dose of the titrated virus had been added prior to β‐PL treatment. β‐PL treatment was performed in accordance with the production procedure used for a licensed intravenous immunoglobulin preparation. Neither animal developed hepatitis. When subsequently challenged with the same spiked immunoglobulin solution that had not been β‐PL treated, both animals developed clear‐cut hepatitis non‐A, non‐B. The results of this experiment demonstrate that β‐PL treatment is effective for the inactivation of hepatitis non‐A, non‐B

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne newborn and 24 fetal woodchuck litters from a woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) endemic population were examined for serological or hepatic evidence of WHV. In 18 of 24 fetal litters, there was detectable WHV DNA in the livers, either at explant culture or tissue extract. Most of those WHV DNA‐positive liver extracts, which were examined by Southern blot, showed integration of WHV. However, WHV DNA replicative forms without integration were demonstrated in livers of two litters from late gestation. Woodchuck hepatitis surface antigen was detected in the sera of two other fetal litters from the late gestation period. WHV DNA was demonstrated in sera of three litters at different stages of ontogen

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe prevalence of West Nile (WN) virus infection in Karachi, Pakistan, was unknown until 1982. It had been noticed that there were more than a few patients with encephalitides in Karachi, and it was supposed that Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases would be found among them. Therefore, a seroepidemiological study was conducted to define the prevalence of WN virus infection and the possible occurrence of JE virus infection in the Karachi area. Prevalences of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralization (NT) antibodies against WN virus were studied among 81 serum samples (in July, 33 samples; in September, 48) during 1983, and among 156 paired serum samples that were collected twice, in July and October of 1985. Nearly the same antibody‐positive rates were obtained in July of both years (1983: HI 55%; 1985: HI 53%; NT 50%); the rates increased slightly during September/October (1983: HI 65%; 1985: HI 59%, NT 54%). Among 156 paired samples in 1985, 20 (13%) and 12 (8%) showed positive‐ or negative‐antibody conversion between July and October. Two serum samples from each of 156 residents obtained in July had a significantly higher NT antibody titre against JE virus than against WN virus (in case 1, JE 1:80, WN<1: 10; in case 2, JE 1:40, WN<1:10). This is the first report to show the prevalence of WN virus infection in Karachi, Pak

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMolecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections in 621 hospitalized children was investigated by analysis of migration patterns of viral genomic ribonucleic acid (RNA) segments by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Based on migration patterns of RNA segments of 184 rotavirus strains, seven different electropherotypes were identified: 146 (79.3%) strains were “long,” and 38 (20.7%) were “short” electropherotypes; 61% belonged to a single dominant “long” electropherotype, which persisted throughout the 15‐month period of study, whereas six other cocirculating types appeared at varying intervals. Electrophoretic migration patterns of RNA from viral isolates of two patients suggested mixed infections with different rotaviruses. There was a lack of correlation between the electrophoretic migration of segments 10 and 11 and serologically defined subgroup specificity in three of the rotavirus strains. Rotavirus infections and different electropherotypes were observed throug

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe tat regulatory protein of HIV‐1 was expressed as a fusion protein inE. coliand used as antigen to detect antibodies against HIV‐tat (anti‐tat) in the serum of HIV‐1 infected children and adults. HIV‐1‐infected children showed a higher frequency (55%) of anti‐tat than HIV‐1‐infected adults (36%). Anti‐tat were present in only 15% (3/20) of acutely infected individuals. Forty percent (10/25) of individuals with prolonged HIV‐1 infection but without antigen were anti‐tat positive. Only 13% (3/23) of HIV‐1‐antibody‐positive individuals with prolonged HIV‐1 antigenemia were anti‐tat positive and titers of anti‐tat antibodies declined with time. Pepscan analysis identified the amino terminus of HIV‐tat as the major antibody‐binding site. Antibodies to HIV‐tat occurred as a harbinger of HIV‐1 antigen expression and disappeared thereafter, possibly reflecting the transience of HIV‐tat expression. Because of the low antigenicity of HIV‐tat, antibodies to this regulatory protein are not a reliable marker for either early HI

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOral “hairy” leukoplakia (OHL) is a white lesion of the oral mucosa, usually located on the lateral tongue among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)‐risk patients. The lesion has been reported to be associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). Twenty surgical biopsy specimens were evaluated for the presence of HPV genus‐specific antigen, HPV 2/4, 6/11, and 16/18 DNA and EBV DNA by in situ hybridization employing formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections. Three cases exhibited immunoreactivity for HPV genus‐specific antigen, with localization in cytopathically altered upper spinous layer keratinocytes. HPV 16, 18, or related DNA sequences were identifiable in a single case. Alternatively, employing an EBV long internal repeat subgenomic probe, 19 cases were found to harbor EBV DNA. In all positive cases, the hybrids were localized to upper spinous layer keratinocytes exhibiting nuclear/cytoplasmic vesiculation. It is concluded that OHL is consistently associated with EBV; furthermore, viral replication, as evidenced by DNA localization, corresponds to ultrastructural evidence of capsid and envelope assembly in the more differentiated layers of

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a large population of patients, chronic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection was usually associated with absence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. However, acute HDV superinfection progressing to chronic HDV infection in two hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive HBV carriers and coinfection in two other patients who progressed to chronic HBV (HBeAg‐positive) and HDV infection was associated with continuing high‐level HBV replication for several years. Thus HDV infection does not always inhibit HBV replication. The hypothesis that the different effects of HDV coinfection and superinfection on HBV replication may stem from variability in the capacity of the host to produce and respond to interferon is disc

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRotavirus is a common cause of diarrhea both in the community and in the hospital. Because of this, it may be difficult to determine whether crossinfection has occurred in the hospital, an important finding as review of hygienic techniques and ward closure may be indicated. We therefore investigated the use of Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of the rotavirus RNA genome as a means of distinguishing between rotavirus strains in order to assess its role in the evaluation of apparent hospital‐acquired rotavirus diarrhoea.Suspected examples of hospital‐acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis were studied on an infectious diseases ward and a general infant ward. PAGE analysis demonstrated that crossinfection had not occurred on the infectious diseases ward, even though this was indicated clinically; a single source outbreak involving 11 patients was confirmed on the general infant ward, as all cases showed an identical rotavirus electropherotype. Following ward closure an endemic rotavirus electropherotype was detected, which affected 17 patients over a 3‐month period.Electrophoresis of rotavirus RNA is a useful and practical technique in the analysis of hospital‐acquired gastroenteritis and can indicate appropriate clinical

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA significant protective effect of a native adrenal steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), was demonstrated in studies of two lethal viral infection models in mice: systemic coxsackievirus B4 and herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis. The steroid was active either by long‐term feeding or by a single subcutaneous injection. A closely related steroid, etiocholanolone, was not protective in these models. Histopathological analysis, leukocyte counts, and numbers of spleen antibody forming cells in the coxsackievirus B4 model suggests that DHEA functions by maintaining or potentiating the immune competence of mice otherwise depressed by viral infection. DHEA was not effective in genetically immunodeficient HRS/J hr/hr mice and did not demonstrate antiviral activity in vitro. While the molecular basis for DHEA's effect on the immune system is not known, studies by others suggest that it may counteract the stress related immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids stimulated by viral infection. Because DHEA is a native steroid that has been used clinically with minimal side effects, the utility of DHEA in the therapeutic modulation of acute and chronic viral infections including the acquired immune deficiency syndrome deserves intensive stud

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCirculating immune complexes (CICs) were detected during the course of experimental hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in 8 of 9 chimpanzees. In all cases, the predominant class of antibody detected in the CIC was IgM. The appearance of IgM‐CIC usually preceded the onset of liver enzyme elevations, and in all instances, the appearance of IgM‐CIC correlated with the presence of IgM anti‐HAV. Six of 8 animals tested had significant depression of C3 concentrations during the course of infection, and this depression occurred at the peak of CIC activity. Immunohistologic studies demonstrated granular deposits of IgM localized in sinusoidal cells during peak of IgM‐CIC activity. IgM‐CICs appear to be a fairly consistent finding during HAV infection and probably represent the viremic phase of the disease. However, they do not appear to mediate hepatocellular injury by direct action on he

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890260311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY