摘要:

Benefit-cost studies usually focus on estimation of willingness to pay by consumers for recreational activities while excluding willingness to pay by producers. Fisheries managers are often more interested in the income and employment effects of policies on producers than on how sport anglers value these policies. In this paper, I explore how the input-output model, a major tool of regional economics, can be used to estimate producer surplus resulting from fisheries management policies. A properly specified input-output model will generate estimates of marginal or net national income changes resulting from policy changes. However, many current empirical input-output models use average data and generate marginal estimates only when average and marginal coefficients are equal.

ISSN:0002-8487    

DOI:10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<441:UOIAIF>2.0.CO;2

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

By estimating such impacts as changes in employment and income, economic impact assessments (EIAs) help fisheries managers, elected officials, administrators, and interest groups describe the effects of policy and investment decisions. Such assessments also reveal the distribution of economic effects across regional sectors. Compared to benefit-cost analyses, EIAs are less appropriate for measuring social benefits and require somewhat different data. Among the various EIA techniques, the hybrid data input-output model can satisfy the widest range of fisheries information needs with reasonable cost and acceptable levels of accuracy, except perhaps when long-range forecasts are required. Multipliers, a deceptively simple EIA result, are prone to misinterpretation and misuse primarily when analysts fail to state the type of multipliers calculated, the context in which they were derived, and how they should be used to help guide policy and investment decisions. In recreational fisheries, typical “ratio” multipliers should not be applied to consumer spending to compute a total impact figure; instead, a Keynesian relationship, which expresses additional impacts per unit of consumer spending, should be applied. Regardless of the EIA procedure or multiplier type employed, the limiting factor in the natural resources field is quality data on consumer spending and industrial output.

ISSN:0002-8487    

DOI:10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<450:ROEIAP>2.0.CO;2

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper summarizes the application of a Keynesian-type economic impact model to the Bay of Quinte sport fishery in eastern Lake Ontario for 1984–1985. After the study procedure and findings are outlined, the method is assessed in the context of information needs of resource planners and managers. The Bay of Quinte study is a vehicle for critically examining the concept of impact and the empirically derived measures of expenditures and income used to describe it. A substantial leakage of angler dollars from the region and the consequential low “normal” income multiplier is attributed to the tendency for local businesses and households to import goods and services. Analysts must choose between more information and increased cost in conducting economic impact analysis; the scope of an impact study must be determined by the questions that need answering. Economic impact analysis can indicate a role for sportfishing in economic development and tourism programs. It can identify the relative contributions of angler groups, identify businesses directly impacted, and suggest approaches to strengthening a region's intersectoral linkages in order to maximize impact.

ISSN:0002-8487    

DOI:10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<461:EIAOAS>2.0.CO;2

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate one way in which an empirically meaningful, formal analytical link between ecosystems and economies might be developed. We broaden traditional approaches to environmental economics by encompassing bioenergetics, but without resorting to energy as the unit of value used by humans. The paper has two main phases. First, an ecosystem model is constructed that exploits standard economic notions of production functions, optimization, and comparative static equilibria. Humans are absent from this phase. In the second phase, humans are introduced under the familiar guise of utility maximizers. This leads to behavior which, via direct and induced changes in the sources and uses of energy, alters the detailed structure of the ecosystem. Empirically testable propositions about changes in this structure are provided, and some existing empirical support is cited. Finally, a proposed methodology is presented for valuing ecosystem components which have no direct use value for humans.

ISSN:0002-8487    

DOI:10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<469:EVOE>2.0.CO;2

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Social impact assessment methodologies and models have been developed and applied to environmental resource areas other than fisheries. Social impact assessments determine the costs and benefits of proposed conservation and management plans and assist in designing and administering policy. Support for assessments in fisheries has lagged behind that in forestry and water resource management. The lack of an understanding of the role of social impact assessment in fishery conservation and management has hampered the development of social and cultural data bases that can be used to examine the distributional consequences of fishery management plans. An integrated assessment and evaluation process provides a coordinated system for determining the costs and benefits of policy implementation and project outcomes. Social assessments can be used to explore the historical, cultural, economic-ecological, and demographic impacts of management plans. Adequate social impact assessments require comparative data bases on fishing production systems and an understanding of the fit of assessments in natural resource development.

ISSN:0002-8487    

DOI:10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<479:SIAAF>2.0.CO;2

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper examines the future of social assessment in fisheries management. Analysis of U.S. Forest Service experience with social assessment over the past decade reveals the limitations of the use of social assessment which have occurred because of budgetary limitations, lack of agency expertise, and difficulties in incorporating social assessment into natural resource planning. Observations of federal forestry and marine fisheries agencies, particularly in northwestern states, suggest that the prognosis for acceptance of social assessment is better for marine fisheries management than for federal forest management. The social and organizational variables most likely to affect fisheries management, when such management is subjected to social assessment, are explored.

ISSN:0002-8487    

DOI:10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<486:SAFPTP>2.0.CO;2

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A new management plan was drawn up for Ontario's commercial fisheries in 1982 after 2 years of negotiations between the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Council of Commercial Fisheries, which represents the fishing industry. Implementation of the plan began in 1984 with individual harvest quotas for Lake Erie. Government-industry agreement on the principle of quotas was relatively easy to achieve, but the allocation of individual quotas was more problematic, partly because of errors made in rushing decisions rather than going through the due political process to arrive at a compromise. A workable plan, with some dissent remaining, was nevertheless achieved in 2–3 years, following the initial socioeconomic dislocations, through a process of negotiation, adaptation, joint decision making (comanagement), and cooperation in enforcing regulations. Political and social considerations (equity) were relatively more important to fishermen than were economic efficiency objectives. The case study suggests a number of elements of a pragmatic resource planning protocol: baseline biological and statistical data have to be accompanied by suitable socioeconomic and cultural information on fishermen; new regulations need to take into account any existing self-regulation; proposed reductions in fishing effort need to be reconciled with equity concerns of the fishermen and with broader sociopolitical goals such as employment; and specific objectives of any new management plan should be framed so that they can serve as criteria for program evaluation.

ISSN:0002-8487    

DOI:10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<494:QMAPP>2.0.CO;2

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The cultural domain of southeastern Wisconsin anglers along Lake Michigan was assessed from responses to a state-proposed reduction in the daily allowable catch of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush. The study's baseline was an extensive random survey in 1980 of the area's anglers with respect to Lake Michigan fishery resources. The 1984 lake trout issue was addressed by a restudy involving a small dimensional subsample of 1980 respondents and was cross-validated with ethnographic interviews. The findings suggest that anglers have responded over time to the state's policy proposals in a manner consistent with a stable value system that is not seriously masked by changes in short-term attitudes about the fishery. The results further indicate that, once a good cultural data base is established, the sociocultural impacts of proposed fishery policies can be evaluated inexpensively by a restudy approach.

ISSN:0002-8487    

DOI:10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<503:CBOSAR>2.0.CO;2

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Use of fisheries resources for subsistence by rural populations is becoming an increasingly controversial issue in industrialized societies. Alaska is the only state which has enacted a law to provide for subsistence uses of renewable natural resources by both natives and nonnatives. The legal context of subsistence allocation and management is governed by both state and federal laws that currently ascribe subsistence rights only to rural Alaskan residents. These laws also provide priority allocation of fish and wildlife to subsistence users over other uses if harvest reductions are necessary to maintain viable fish and wildlife populations. Subsistence serves a variety of social, economic, and cultural functions in the lifestyles of Alaskan residents, including kinship cohesion, in-kind supplements to income, and maintenance of important ceremonial activities. Great Lakes fisheries managers are intimately familiar with the values and meanings associated with commercial and recreational uses of Great Lakes fisheries resources. They have relied on this knowledge successfully to design programs responsive to the needs of commercial and recreational users. Subsistence use of Great Lakes fisheries resources, however, constitutes a separate set of values that needs to be acknowledged and actively managed. Implications of the Alaskan experience for Great Lakes fisheries management include the need to identify the nature and extent of subsistence use of fisheries resources in the Great Lakes region and the importance of an impact assessment framework for evaluating the effects of specific policies and management actions on subsistence uses.

ISSN:0002-8487    

DOI:10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<510:SUOFRI>2.0.CO;2

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Communication influences the value that people place on resources because it influences knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about those resources. Valuation of fisheries should acknowledge these influences, but first they must be understood. Communication network analysis offers a suitable approach because it identifies communication patterns and relationships and permits analysis of communication patterns as variables in social valuation. Communication network analysis can contribute to fisheries management by identifying communication patterns surrounding such issues as development of a charter industry and public support for fisheries policies. It can specifically contribute to a total valuation process by elaborating economic models and contributing to the wider and wiser use of social valuation information in resource policy formulation.

ISSN:0002-8487    

DOI:10.1577/1548-8659(1987)116<519:ROCSIS>2.0.CO;2

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor