摘要:

Differences in background characteristics of 1,812 Black and White male opioid addicts were used as the basis for defining profiles of“typical”clients assigned to methadone maintenance (MM), therapeutic community (TC), and outpatient drug-free (DF) programs. The three client types defined by these profiles, especially reflecting variations in criminal history and legal involvement, were compared using a composite outcome measure for drug use, criminality, and employment during the first year posttreatment. There were significant outcome differences among the client types, and the client type with greater criminal involvement had the poorest outcomes. The outcomes of clients in MM, TC, and DF treatments were not significantly different from one another, but they were significantly more favorable than those for clients in outpatient detoxification and a comparison intake-only group. The major finding, however, was the lack of evidence for an optimal match between client types and treatment types leading to better posttreatment outcomes of clients.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016927

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A worldwide survey of nonmedical drug use among U.S. military personnel was conducted in 1980. A stratified multistage probability sample was drawn and a questionnaire administered by staff of Burt Associates, Inc. The results show that 27% of the military personnel reported they had used some type of drug or drugs non-medically in the past 30 d; 36% reported such use within the past year. Prevalence rates are presented for each of nine drug categories. Nonmedical drug use is limited primarily to junior enlisted personnel. The overwhelming majority of nonmedical drug use in the military is occasional or experimental in nature. From these results obtained, it is estimated that 3% of Department of Defense (DOD) junior enlisted personnel were physiologically drug dependent and a total of 4% were physiologically or psychologically drug dependent at some time during the preceding 12 months. The proportions of junior enlisted personel reporting consequences of drug use and work impairment because of drug use are also presented. There is no general pattern of nonmedical use being more prevalent among military personnel than comparable civilians.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016928

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Research on adolescent marijuana use has given insufficient attention to understanding the functions of marijuana in youngsters' overall adaptation, and particularly in the context of family psychodynamics. This research focused on 17 marijuana-abusing adolescents who were selected according to the“representative case method.”Data obtained through unstructured psychodynamic interviews with the youngsters and their families were analyzed to identify the functions which marijuana played for these adolescents. Five key functions related to family psychodynamics-defiance and provocation, self-destructiveness, control of anger, grandiosity, and escape from competitive conflicts-are described. A case illustration is presented to show how these functions are interrelated in the adolescents' adaptation.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016929

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Methadone treatment of opiate addiction is a controversial yet beneficial medical activity [1,2]. Strictly regulated at the local, state, and federal level, methadone treatment to be effective requires a close relationship between health care providers and the government [3,4]. Based on recent experiences in New York State, this article describes the government-health care partnership by taking note of both positive and problematic outcomes in the methadone field.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016930

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A sample of male (N= 214) and female (N= 74) dropouts and graduates from the 1974 population in Phoenix House were followed 2 years after treatment. The sample was mainly opioid abusers, Black, and 19-26 years of age. A 4-h face-to-face interview traced social adjustment from 1 year pre- through all years posttreatment. Clients were retested with a psychological battery initially given at admission or during treatment. Results showed that success (no crime and no opioid use and/or no use of a nonopioid primary drug) was maintained throughout 2 years of follow-up by 38% of the males (dropouts 32.9%, graduates, 73.9%) and 42% of the females (dropouts 40.7%, graduates 50.0%); improvement (change from pretreatment status) occurred in over 59% of the males and 60% of the females; success and improvement increased by time in program for both sexes; psychological improvement during treatment and at follow-up was correlated with posttreatment success status: Among successes, the female improvement was significantly larger. The psychological improvement for women appears related to social-role factors that are modified during residency in the therapeutic community.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016931

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Halfway houses for alcohol and drug abusers provide a structured, supportive residential program for individuals who are considered to be at risk for post-treatment failure. This study examines 641 former residents of eight programs to determine whether positive outcomes are attained following halfway house placement. Results indicate that, during the 14 months following placement, these individuals exhibit fewer admissions to the Detoxification Center, less dependence on public assistance, less involvement with the criminal justice system, and are more often employed and abstinent than during the 14 months prior to placement.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016932

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This work focuses upon paradoxical aspects of alcoholism. Current information suggests that double-binding dynamics exist in alcoholism and that paradoxical lifestyle themes do contribute to alcoholism abuse. Emphasis in this paper is focused upon the utilization of paradoxical dynamics within a therapeutic framework. It is suggested that treatment interventions must effectively alter negative paradoxical patterns operating in the alcoholic's life-style. Recent clinical findings are cited, and therapeutic uses of paradoxical and refraining and interventions are discussed.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016933

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An employee alcoholism service for hospital workers is described. Sixty-eight alcoholic workers identified over a 3V4 year period are assessed for current status as to activity in the service, work status, and drinking status by a chart review. The principle route of referral was via the employee health service (EHS) and a medical problem (63%) versus a supervisor or self-referral. Fifty-three percent of the workers are active in the service, 31% have had no contact, 12% are terminated from the job, and 4% are deceased. Of the active cases, 75% are abstinent. Active status in the service is highly associated with a supervisor or self-referral rather than an EHS referral. Self- and supervisor referrals to the service increased substantially after the initiation of an employee assistance program in the hospital.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016934

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper presents a survey of blood alcohol levels found among 934 California weekend drivers in order to provide a profile of drinking and driving habits; analysis is by sex, age, day of week, and hour. A comparison is also made with similar surveys conducted in other geographical locations. It was found that during the evening hours of a typical weekend about 30% of all drivers registered a positive BAL and may very well be impaired. These California data were very comparable to those gathered in other parts of the United States, which suggests that the drinking and driving habits of the general population are relatively independent of geographic location.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016935

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the methodological problems encountered in alcoholism treatment outcome evaluation. The methodological issues raised by (a) the traditional reliance on abstinence as the sole criterion of treatment success, (b) the question of the reliability and validity of self-reports of alcoholics, and (c) the difficulty of locating alcoholics for follow-along are highlighted. Of these methodological issues, none was found to be more controversial than the adequacy of abstinence as a criterion of success. At the same time, no controversy in this field appears more pivotal to the development of innovation in both treatment and research technology. The emergence of the“multivariate”conceptualization of alcoholism, with life adjustment as a criterion of success, has broadened the scope of research while stimulating interest in the application of increasingly complex and sophisticated techniques. The most recent literature written from this perspective indicates the significant success of new approaches that enhance the reliability and validity of self-reports, as well as facilitating follow-up. This would suggest that these perennial methodological problems do not necessarily reflect the symptomatology of a difficult class of cases but may be indicative of the“climate”in which treatment and research are conducted.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016936

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor