摘要:

Developmental patterns of cocaine use were examined in a longitudinal sample of 1,308 male and female adolescents. The data indicate that substantial increases in use occurred between 15 and 18 and between 18 and 21 years old. Although there were developmental changes, there were no significant increases over time for same aged individuals. Gender differences within age groups were not statistically significant, although some differences were apparent. Examinations of intraindividual changes in cocaine use among continuous users indicate significant individual increases in all measures of cocaine use over a 3-year period. While continuous users increased their use of cocaine, they experienced decreases in their frequency of use of alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs. Analyses also suggest that those individuals who initiated cocaine use between T1 and T2 were already different from their age peers in terms of their cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use at T1. Overall, the findings suggest that patterns of cocaine use may be more dependent upon the number of years of use rather than on the age of the user.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998809001531

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The MMPI and MCMI were administered to 163 former opiate addicts who were being maintained in a methadone program affiliated with an urban hospital. Highest group mean MMPI scores were found for Psychopathic Deviate, Depression, Hypomania, and Hysteria. For the MCMI, highest group mean clinical syndrome scores were found for Drug Abuse, Alcohol Abuse, Anxiety, and Dysthymia; highest personality disorder scores were found for Antisocial, Narcissistic, Histrionic, and Paranoid. The MCMI Drug Abuse Scale identified only 49% of subjects as having a recurrent or recent history of drug abuse. Frequency and factor analyses documented the heterogeneity of the population with respect to clinical syndromes, as well as the prevalence of personality disorders (86% had elevations on MCMI Personality Scales). Factor and correlational analyses did not provide strong evidence of similar factor structure or convergent validity of the MMPI and MCMI with this population.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998809001532

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Nitrite inhalants, as drugs of abuse, have received a new prominence in the literature since their use has been associated with Kaposi's Sarcoma and possibly other manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Changes in patterns and prevalence of use have not been investigated since the onset of the AIDS epidemic. We have examined the abuse patterns of nitrite inhalants (poppers) in several different groups. The use of poppers among drug abusers in the Baltimore-Washington, D.C. metropolitan area has remained constant over the past 5 years, with the prevalence of use being approximately 11% for recreational drug users and 22% for heavy abusers. Self-reported use by a homosexual group had decreased over the same time period. Sixty-nine percent of the homosexual sample had experience with nitrities, but only 21% had used them in the 6 months prior to being surveyed. The mean interval since last use was 25 months, and since peak use, 4.1 years. Among substance abusers, nitrites appear to be a drug whose use starts late, with the mean age of first use being 25.6 years compared to 14.6 years for glue, 17.6 years for marijuana, and 18.5 years for heroin. We found both heterosexual and homosexual groups utilize nitrites primarily to“get high,”but homosexuals more often use them during overt sexual activity. Experience with amyl nitrite was much more prevalent than that with the butyl derivative in both populations. We conclude that the prevalence of nitrite abuse among drug users has not changed as a result of the AIDS epidemic, but such use appears to have decreased within the homosexual community.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998809001533

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Multiple studies have reported about substance abuse in Blacks and Hispanics. However, little is known about substance-abusing psychiatric patients of these ethnic groups. This study reports the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse among 171 consecutive patients (90 Blacks and 81 Hispanics) admitted to the acute psychiatric unit of an inner-city general hospital. The lifetime prevalence was 63%. Within the month prior to admission, 48% had used the following substances: cannabis, 40%; alcohol, 37%; amphetamines, 20%; cocaine, 12%; phencyclidine (PCP), 12%; barbiturates and/or sedative-hypnotics, 10%; opioids, 9%; inhalants, 1%; hallucinogens, 1%. Those who abused alcohol were more likely to abuse barbiturates and/or sedative-hypnotics, and opioids. Logistic regression analysis showed that major depression, ethnicity, and schizophrenia each were significant predictors of particular types of abuse. Patients with major depression were less likely to use PCP, Blacks were more likely than Hispanics to use hallucinogens, and schizophrenics were less likely to use opioids. In all cases in which sex, age, and personality disorder were significant, males, the young adult group, and those with personality disorder were more likely to be abusers. These three variables were all strong predictors of both multiple and extensive substance abuse. Overall, our findings suggest that in the inner-city, a substantial number of young adult psychiatric inpatients are a high risk group for multiple substance abuse. The coexistence of substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders has clinical and treatment implications, and calls attention for changes within the conventional psychiatric milieu.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998809001534

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We examined the correlates of self-reported lifetime use of alcohol, marijuana, amphetamines, and cocaine within a sample of almost 7,000 high school sophomores in Arizona and Utah. Correlates of drug use (including parental attachment, religious attachment, educational attachment, conventional values, and drug-using friends) showed very similar patterns by gender, with some interesting differences by location. Drug-using friends are by far the best predictor of drug use for both males and females in Arizona and Utah.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998809001535

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Adolescent drug use in the community is a widespread social problem. The abuse of alcohol and/or other illegal drugs ranges from random experimentation to a complex pattern of regular use of a combination of drugs. This paper addresses systemic therapeutic interventions which have been constructed to achieve drug-free behavior. The family is considered the unit of treatment.Contextualgoals (necessary to attain a therapeutic climate) andfamilygoals are delineated. These include unity and action within a parental coalition, therapeutic utilization of urinalyses, the bogeyman cometh, probation, home detoxification, and countering adolescent sabotage. Family structural and interactional features outside the explicit arena of drug-taking, such as marital conflict or adolescent autonomy/dependence issues, are not addressed but are discussed elsewhere. Clinical illustrations to document interventions discussed are provided.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998809001536

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Psychological need patterns among 116 drug addicts in treatment were measured with the Adjective Checklist. Compared to program completers, program dropouts had higher needs for autonomy and aggression and lower needs for deference, nurturance, and affiliation. This personality style may form the basis of dropping out, among certain types of addicts in certain types of programs, when faced with situational, environmental, or interactional stress. Results also suggest that we may be able to identify a personality pattern at risk for premature termination before the person experiences the impulse to leave.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998809001537

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

On May 19, 1980, a major revision in the Alabama DUI laws went into effect which gave judges greater discretion in sentencing. This revision resulted in an increase in the proportion of DUI convictions, a reduction in the number of DUI citations reduced to reckless driving, a reduction in the proportion of offenders acquitted and/or dismissed, an increase in the proportion of revocations, and an increase in court referrals to an educational program on the first offense. However, the 1980 revision was accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of alcohol-related accidents. Consequently, the Alabama legislature revised the 1980 law on July 29, 1983, the revision taking effect immediately. The more stringent penalties in the new law apparently had a positive effect on all six alcohol-related measures cited above. Most importantly, the latest revision was accompanied by a significant decrease (2.80%) in the proportion of alcohol-related accidents.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998809001538

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Substance abuse among mentally retarded persons, first described 55 years ago, has received little or no attention by specialists in mental retardation. With deinstitutionalization, this problem has reappeared, often followed by victimization (i.e., assault, rape, robbery). In this study the demographic characteristics, family and childhood history, substance use patterns, and substance-related problems of 40 mild mentally retarded persons are compared with those of 40 mild mentally retarded persons without substance abuse. Similarities with substance abusers who are not mentally retarded are noted. Recommendations for alleviating this serious problem among mentally retarded persons are made.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998809001539

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article describes developments in The Netherlands with a special focus on those issues that can be described as“typically Dutch”: the divergent“opium-act,”the methadone buses, the Junkie League, and the plans for heroin maintenance. It also gives an impression of the important role of the Dutch Government in the organization of the relief work system. The article concludes that in some ways the Dutch have learned to live with certain developments, and that they have ceased to look for a one and only solution.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998809001540

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor