摘要:

Although several studies have documented high levels of criminal activity among narcotic addicts, especially during periods of active addiction, few studies have delineated the types of criminal activities involved or have attempted to uncover trends in such activities over successive periods of addiction and nonaddiction in addicts' careers. In the present series of analyses, the criminal activities of 354 male narcotic addicts were categorized and traced individually over time using five, standardized, crime-days-per-year-at-risk measures in the areas of theft, violence, drug sales, deception/forgery, and other crimes. In addition, a sixth composite measure was also employed. Although large differences among addicts in patterns of criminal activity over time were much in evidence and may be useful as a basis for a criminal typology, this same heterogeneity tends to preclude definitive statements concerning addicts as a group. This caveat notwithstanding, there does appear to be a general tendency for criminal activity to diminish over successive periods of nonaddiction and to increase irregularly over successive periods of addiction. The agreement of these findings with those of earlier group analyses by the authors is discussed.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998409001486

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Addicts have described their family environment as providing inadequate modeling of social and role skills, while having high expectations for achievement. These self-reports have not been compared to either the reports of other family members or observer ratings of addict families. Observer ratings are important because addicts have also described their families as having significantly less conflict than normative families. We administered the Moos Family Environment Scale (FES) to 73 addicts and found that our addicts' scores supported the previous descriptions of addicts' perceived family environment. Addicts' perceived family environment differed from normative samples. They perceived their family as providing little preparation for social roles, while expecting high achievement. When addicts' wives or mothers completed the FES (n = 27), they disagreed with the addicts' perceptions of having high expectations for achievement in the marriage or family. Relative to their mothers and wives, the addicts seemed to be insensitive to the lack of effective organization and limit setting in either their family of origin or marriage. However, the mothers and wives agreed with the addicts in reporting low levels of conflict, but behavioral ratings of the married addicts and their wives (n = 16) showed a poor correlation between the observed behavior and the couples' perceptions. Furthermore, the level of conflict appeared to be above rather than below normative samples. Thus, addicts' perceptions of their family environment demonstrated significant discrepancies from the perceptions of their wives and mothers and from ratings of their marital behavior.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998409001487

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Inhalant use and related background characteristics are examined for participants in state-funded drug abuse prevention programs in Texas. Inhalant use was found to be a significant problem among Mexican-American youth in low socioeconomic neighborhoods. Frequent users of inhalers were consistently distinguished from nonusers and less frequent inhalers on a number of dimensions and were found to have significantly more family, school, legal, and peer-related problems. Areas for future research and intervention are discussed.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998409001488

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A replication of the original survey of police attitudes toward marijuana was conducted in an adjacent county. The survey dealt with three sets of beliefs: the effects of marijuana, the enforcement of marijuana laws, and the causes of marijuana use. The overall results were quite similar to the initial findings in that most officers felt that marijuana was harmful (physically and psychologically) but not more so than alcohol; almost 28% believed that the possession of an ounce or less should be decriminalized, while 75% felt that the laws for possession of this amount were not being actively enforced; most felt that peer pressure is the main reason why people start to use it, that youthful users are not well informed about its effects, and that parents are unaware of their children's usage or its effects.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998409001489

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Although increasing attention has been paid to the problems of combined and sequential alcohol and drug abuse, data about drug use by alcoholics during the course of outpatient treatment are not available. Urine testing for commonly abused drugs was obtained on 112 alcoholic outpatients during a 2-week period. Ten urine samples were positive for abuseable drugs. Patients' age, length of treatment involvement, and history of drug use prior to treatment appeared to affect drug use during treatment. At 4 month follow-up of the 10 patients with positive urine tests, five were drug free, three had discontinued but then returned to drug use, and two had been discharged. Given the limitations of such a cross-sectional study, the incidence of drug use by alcoholics during outpatient treatment seems high enough to warrant further study.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998409001490

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Studies of homeless alcoholic women remain tare. Women on Skid Row in New York City were sought out at the Women's Shelter for a study of homeless women alcoholics. The findings in this study of 31 homeless alcoholic women tend to confirm an earlier study by Garrett and Bahr in most respects. A major difference relates to the population's lack of homogeneity. A life-long pattern of marginality does not exist for most of the women. All judged to be alcoholic, some lived with their families, husbands, or a male partner prior to coming to the shelter. Almost a third lived alone. Sometimes the death of someone close or other crisis precipitated homelessness. In many instances there was no apparent crisis. For a substantial group of these women there did seem to be a longstanding pattern of instability and transient living in the two years preceding their move to the shelter. Public resources invested in shelter care are much needed either for individuals whose limited resources run out or where a crisis results in the loss of safe, adequate shelter.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998409001491

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Research on adult alcohol and tranquilizer use provides strong evidence of fundamental sex differences in the use of the two types of drugs. Current explanations posited for these differences center around differential sex roles and sex role expectations. Much of the discussion of these differences suggests that as male and female roles converge, these behavioral differences should decrease. Using data from a statewide survey of Illinois adults, we provide a preliminary test of a sex role convergence hypothesis for alcohol and tranquilizer use. To do so, we use a multinomial extension of logistic multiple regression. After controlling for demographic and sex role characteristics, the results show that females have a much higher probability of using tranquilizers rather than alcohol than men do. Thus, the role convergence hypothesis is not supported for the use of these two types of drugs.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998409001492

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) was administered to 214 admissions to a maximum security ward of a prison hospital. Over 70.7% of the patients had scores greater than 5 and 57.8% had scores greater than 10, indicating that they engaged in problem drinking or alcohol misuse before admission. Older patients had higher scores, and a small number of patients with no criminal involvement had lower scores.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998409001493

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The data for this research come from three independent community surveys conducted between 1979 and 1980 in the San Francisco Bay Area. All surveys followed the same sampling plan and only probability techniques were employed. Of a total of 4,150 adult respondents, 1,206 identified themselves as Blacks and are analyzed in this report. A total of 29% of the females and 16% of the males are abstainers. Frequent heavier drinkers comprise 22% of the males but only 6% of the females. Among males, heavier drinking and alcohol problems are highest among those in their thirties and, therefore, cannot be associated with a youthful lifestyle as it happens in the United States general population. Characteristics such as income, employment status, and education are not associated with drinking. Religion, however, is associated with drinking patterns, and Fundamentalists have significantly more abstainers and light drinkers than other religious groups. These findings are also discussed in the light of Black culture and minority status. It is suggested that drinking patterns among Blacks are influenced more by internal norms originated from common cultural and sociopolitical characteristics than from norms associated with class affiliations in the larger society.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998409001494

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Environmental support contracting was evaluated as an ancillary treatment to more traditional alcoholism rehabilitation. Eighty-eight male alcoholics, who scored 10 or higher on the Environmental Deprivation Scale (EDS), were randomly dichotomized between experimental and control groups. The control group participated only in the routine, eclectic, 28-d inpatient alcoholism treatment program at this medical center. The experimental group additionally completed training to improve environmental support. Dependent variables included the EDS, the Maladaptive Behavior Rating (MBR), days of hospitalization, medical visits, and the number of medications. Each dependent variable was assessed prior to treatment, 3 months following initiation of treatment and/or 6 months following treatment. A high positive correlation was obtained between EDS and MBR scores on the 3 and 6 month followup. Both the experimental and control groups improved with regard to their level of environmental and control groups improved with regard to their level of environmental support and relative coping ability, showing less maladaptive behavior and hospitalization following treatment. The experimental group demonstrated statistically significant treatment benefit over the traditionally treated control group on both the EDS and MBR subcategories of employment at 6 months following initiation of alcohol treatment. Environmental support contracting appears to be a worthwhile addition to alcohol treatment regimen.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998409001495

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor