摘要:

Despite the central role played by female intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in the worsening AIDS statistics of states in the northeastern United States, the relative paucity of research into the HN risk behaviors -particularly risky needle practices -of female drug injectors has left significant gaps in researchers' understanding of how and to what extent such women may differ in their risks from their better-studied male counterparts. This study, derived from a sample of 769 out-of-treatment lVDUs residing in an area (Paterson, New Jersey) characterized by high levels of AIDS and HIV infection among drug users, attempts to address this lacuna in the research literature by comparing the drug usage, AIDS knowledge, and needle and sexual behaviors of male and female IVDUs that place them at risk for HIV infection. In this sample, gender was found to be unrelated to HIV serostatus, injection frequency and injected drug of choice, and to most dimensions of knowledge about AIDS and the means of HIV transmission. Overall, it appears that the average Paterson female IVDU may be at greater risk for HIV infection as a result of involvement with a drug-using sex partner than because of especially risky needle practices, for females in this sample were significantly more likely than males to report injecting with a sex partner in the previous 6 months, and female IVDUs with one sex partner were more than twice as likely as males with one partner to report that this individual was an IVDU. Condom use was relatively rare, particularly among those with one partner. Moreover, female lVDUs were significantly more likely than males to be daily users of crack cocaine, and significantly more likely to report poorer health. However, current needle and sexual practices were found to be unrelated to HIV seropositivity among both males and females. In logistic regression analysis, only length of IV drug involvement was found to be independently associated with HIV seropositivity for both sexes. Implications of the data for future prevention efforts aimed at female IVDUs are discussed.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952999409106779

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We interviewed 70 substance abusers in methadone maintenance treatment regarding the life experiences of their 188 children. Sixty-four percent of the mothers reported using psychoactive drugs during their pregnancies. Eighty percent of parents reported an arrest during the time the child was growing up, 34% reported receiving treatment for an emotional disorder, and 14% were hospitalized. Four percent of the parents reported that their children had been placed in adoptive care, 9% in foster care, and 1 % had a child in a group home. Forty-one percent of the parents reported that at least one of their children repeated a grade in school, 19% were involved in truancy, and 30% had been suspended from school. Twenty percent of parents reported their children's involvement with the law, and 17% reported drug or alcohol use. Problems with the law correlated highly with 1) being held back a grade, 2) truancy, 3) suspension from school, 4) expulsion from school, and 5) treatment for alcohol or drug abuse.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952999409106780

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A general framework for studying drug abuse treatment process factors is presented, and components are then used to predict relapse to opioid use during treatment in methadone maintenance. Major domains of the treatment process research framework include client variables at entry, program characteristics, treatment events, and client outcomes. The analyses rely on the use of proportional hazards models to identify significant outcome predictors in a sample of 590 methadone maintenance clients from 21 clinics in the Research Triangle Institute/Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (RTI/TOPS) data system who remained in treatment at least 3 months. The analyses were performed on the total sample and separately on clients from three groups of clinics classified on the basis of the distribution of client relapse rates and tenure in treatment. Relapse rates were related to dosage level, client monitoring with urinalyses, and methadone take-home privileges in some clinics, and hence, these time-varying treatment events were important factors in treatment outcomes. Even at entry to treatment, some measures were found to be related to how the client later performed during treatment. Finally, it was also found that the particular area of professional specialty of the staff making client diagnosis at intake and preparing treatment plans was associated with client outcomes.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952999409106781

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To evaluate the reliability and validity of estimates of drug use obtained through multiple-site central-location sampling, data from the Partnership Attitude Tracking Study (PATS), collected annually beginning in 1987, are tracked longitudinally and compared with data collected through traditional household interviews. Comparisons with demographic estimates from Current Population Surveys indicate that central-location sampling can provide a broadly representative sample of the adult population. However, there is some coverage bias in central-location sampling, most notably in the underrepresentation of adults who do not have high school diplomas. Sample estimates obtained from central-location sampling are consistent over time. Basic demographic characteristics of the samples-education, income, marital status, and area of residence-vary by less than 5% across the four waves of the tracking study. Prevalence estimates of self-reported drug use demonstrate an even higher degree of consistency over time. Comparisons of PATS and National Household Survey of Drug Abuse data and the Monitoring the Future data indicate ahigherlevel of drug use and alowerlevel of perceived risk of occasional use among PATS respondents. While the trends in use and perceived risk reported in all studies are similar, we suggest that perceived threats to confidentiality and anonymity often result in significant underreporting of drug use, particularly in household surveys. Sample estimate differences are attributed to sampling and measurement error. Some discrepancy in prevalence estimates is associated with the fact that the PATS sample is not a true probability sample; as a result, the sampling error of the overall study cannot be estimated precisely. It is also likely that the difference in estimates between the studies is a product of die decreased measurement error of PATS methodology. In central-location sampling, respondents are completely anonymous and may feel more comfortable in providing honest answers about illicit activities such as drug use. The potential applications of this methodology are discussed.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952999409106782

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper explores the ability of information about alcohol use and problem patterns in men's early 20s to predict drinking and driving by their early 30s. The sample consisted of 231 healthy young men who were students or nonacademic staff at a university. Subjects were evaluated initially with questionnaires and interviews, and subsequently followed-up using interviews with themselves and with a resource person. The reported rate of drinking and driving at follow-up was nearly 38 %. Using logistic regression, the combination of variables that best predicted drinking and driving included prior alcohol-related auto accidents, a measure of typical drinking, and a measure of drinking-related problems. The overall prediction employing this combination was 72%, the specificity was 86%, and the sensitivity was 48%.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952999409106783

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study evaluates the relationship between having an alcoholic (i.e., alcohol-dependent) parent and the presence of a spouse with a similar diagnosis. Data relating to 708 men and 708 women, the parents of the questionnaire respondents, revealed that even after controlling for the increased rate of alcohol-dependent spouses among alcoholics, assortative mating appears to be associated with positive family histories of alcoholism. Within this sample, nonalcoholic daughters of alcoholics were more than twice as likely to marry an alcoholic as nonalcoholic daughters of nonalcoholics, irrespective of the alcoholic parent's gender. In contrast, in the same sample daughters of alcoholics did not demonstrate a higher rate for having a spouse with another of the more common psychiatric syndromes, a major depressive episode. In this sample, sons of alcoholics did not demonstrate an increased rate for marrying an alcoholic when compared to sons of nonalcoholics.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952999409106784

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In order to more precisely investigate the nature of control and self-control issues for adult children of alcoholics (ACA), a group of ACAs was compared to a group of sex and age matched healthy normals and a sex matched group of college students on the Shapiro Control Inventory (SCI). The SCI provides a profile that is both general domain (positive sense of control, desire/efforts for control, agency of control, and mode of control) and domain specific (body, mind, interpersonal, self, career, environment). Analysis of variance and subsequent planned comparisons on the SCI showed significant differences between the AC A and the two comparison groups in general domain sense of control, in three of the four general domain mode quadrants, and in the domain specific areas of body, mind, interpersonal, and career. Individual areas where ACA subjects felt most out of control were weight, significant other, and family of origin; 89.5% felt concern with self-concept, stress, and relationship with significant other. Although a small subset of ACAs had a strikingly high“in control”profile, most did not. Finally, the sense of control profile of ACAs is compared with two clinical populations-borderline and depression-and is shown to fall midway between the clinical and normative groups. Guidelines and suggestions for further research are offered.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952999409106785

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A total of 88 consecutive new women patients were surveyed on an adult psychiatric inpatient unit which did not have a specific program for the treatment of alcoholics. Those with a self-reported history of physical and/or sexual abuse had significantly higher scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) than those with no such history. Former drinkers and teetotalers were more likely to have been both physically and sexually abused than the others. Thirty-three patients (38%) reported a history of alcohol problems measured by scores of seven or more on the MAST, but only 20 had a diagnosis of alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence made by a psychiatrist.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952999409106786

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We compared the characteristics of hospitalized women with bulimia nervosa alone (N= 19) and with bulimia nervosa plus alcohol abuse (N= 13) using standard measures of depression, eating disorders, general psychiatric symptomatology, and temperament. Bulimic women with alcohol abuse had significantly higher lowest past weight, but did not differ from women with bulimia alone on age, age of onset of bulimia, current weight, and highest past weight.There were no differences in clinical symptoms of bulimia, depression, or general psychiatric symptomatology. On Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), bulimic women with alcohol abuse scored significantly higher on Total Novelty Seeking, on the Novelty Seeking Subscale Disorderliness, and on the Reward Dependence Subscale Attachment. Implications for understanding the relation between bulimia and substance abuse are discussed.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952999409106787

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952999409106788

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor