ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121734.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121735.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121736.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121737.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121738.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectiveTo obtain up‐to‐date prevalence estimates of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking among Australian secondary students, and to compare these estimates with those obtained from similar studies conducted in 1984 and 1987.Design: Data were collected from 24 892 secondary students aged 12 to 17 years from all Australian States and the Northern Territory. A stratified two‐stage sample design was used. First, a random sample of schools was selected and second, for each school a sample of 80 students was randomly selected from predetermined year levels. A total of 351 schools participated in the survey. Students completed an anonymous, self‐administered questionnaire on their smoking and drinking behaviours.Results: The prevalence of current smoking (defined as having smoked at least one cigarette in the week preceding the survey) was found to increase with age to reach a peak of 25% among 16‐year‐old boys and 29% among girls aged 15 years. From the age of 13, smoking was more prevalent among girls than boys. Among current smokers, boys were heavier smokers than were girls. Unlike smoking, drinking was slightly more prevalent among boys than girls; boys were heavier drinkers. The proportion consuming at least one alcoholic drink in the week before the survey rose with age to a peak of 51 % of boys and 46% of girls aged 17 years. Comparisons with data obtained from a similar survey conducted in 1987 showed that there had been a decrease in the proportion of 12 to 15 year olds smoking. The prevalence of drinking among both 12 to 15 year olds and 16 to 17 year olds was significantly lower in 1990 than 1987.Conclusions: While the continuing downward trends in smoking and drinking among younger students is encouraging, the results show that there are still large numbers of students smoking and drinking.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121739.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectiveRational use of non‐pharmacological therapy for elevated blood pressure requires some knowledge of dose‐effect relationships to optimise regimens. We investigated the effects on blood pressure of: one hour of walking at 50% of predetermined maximal work capacity (Wmax); 15 minutes of cycling at 80%–90% of Wmax (high‐intensity cycling; HIC) — each performed five days per week; and three 30‐minute cycling sessions per week at 65%–70% of Wmax (moderate‐intensity cycling; MIC) which we have previously found lowers blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive people.Design: The three exercise interventions and a period of normal sedentary activity were performed for four weeks each, by 14 normotensive volunteers (seven male, seven female) in a randomised 4 × 4 Latin‐square design.Results: MIC produced the greatest blood pressure reduction relative to the period of normal sedentary activity — mean 5/3 mmHg; standard error of the difference (SE‐diff) 2/1 mmHg;P<0.05 in the supine position, and 4/5 mmHg; SE‐diff 2/2 mmHg;P<0.05 standing. Walking induced smaller blood pressure reductions — 3/2 mmHg; SE‐diff, 2/1 mmHg (P<0.05 for systolic pressure), and 2/1 mmHg; SE‐diff, 2/2 mmHg for the supine and standing positions, respectively. The HIC did not change blood pressure. Heart rate reduction with training was proportional to exercise intensity. Cardiac output, body weight, 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion, cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not alter with any of the interventions.Conclusions: Effects of exercise on blood pressure vary according to the intensity and duration of training bouts. Moderate exercise levels may be optimal, but walking is also effective.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121740.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectivesTo measure the concentrations of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in nursing mothers in Western Australia and to evaluate the safety of these concentrations for breastfed infants; to evaluate the need for future monitoring of OC pesticide concentrations and to determine whether breast milk is an accurate substitute for adipose tissue in future monitoring programs.Design: Two cohorts of nursing mothers were recruited during the period October 1990 to March 1991. Levels of OC pesticides were measured in 128 samples of breast milk and 31 samples each of adipose tissue, maternal blood and cord blood. Laboratory analysis was by gas chromatography with electron capture. Health Department studies since 1974 were collated and levels of OC pesticides compared over time.Results: DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), HCB (hexachlorobenzene) and dieldrin were found in all samples of breast milk and adipose tissue. A significant fall in the levels of OCs was noted since the 1974 survey, with the current concentrations of the cyclodienes (heptachlor, chlordane and dieldrin) being close to the limit of detection of the assay. The acceptable daily intake for dieldrin was exceeded in 90% of infants and for heptachlor in 2% of infants. The daily intakes of the other OCs were below the respective acceptable levels. HCB was detected at a median level of 0.1 mg/kg in both breast milk and adipose tissue despite being deregistered in 1972. As there is no current acceptable daily intake for HCB, the safety of this level could not be assessed by this method. A low correlation was found between levels of the cyclodiene pesticides in breast milk and adipose tissue, but levels of DDT and HCB were closely correlated.Conclusions: Restrictions on the use of the OC insecticides (DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and chlordane) have resulted in reduced concentrations of these chemicals in breast milk and adipose tissue as compared with previous studies. The dieldrin intake of breast‐fed infants consistently exceeded the acceptable daily intake; the heptachlor intake exceeded the acceptable daily intake in some infants, but the low concentrations of heptachlor in breast milk made accurate measurement difficult. The concentrations of DDT and chlordane in breast milk did not pose a hazard to breast‐fed infants. The significance of the levels of the fungicide HCB in breast milk cannot be determined. The widespread distribution of HCB, its marked persistence in the environment and its potential for human toxicity indicate a need for continued monitoring, for which breast milk is a suitable medium. The poor correlation between concentrations of dieldrin, heptachlor and chlordane in breast milk and adipose tissue may reflect the technical difficulty of measuring chemical concentrations close to the limit of detection. As aldrin is a registered pesticide and the dieldrin intake of breast‐fed infants is consistently above the acceptable daily intake, monitoring of dieldrin should continue. Further population monitoring of DDT, heptachlor and chlordane is unlikely to be of value.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121741.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121742.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectiveTo determine the outcome of patients with end‐stage chronic renal failure treated by live donor renal transplantation at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and Royal Children's Hospital between 1973 and 1991, during which time two distinct immunosuppressive regimens were used.Design: Data about live donor renal transplant recipients were retrieved from the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplantation Association Registry, to which we have submitted data on all transplant recipients at six monthly intervals since the commencement of our dialysis and transplant programs.Patients: Seventy‐two patients with chronic renal failure who received live donor renal transplants during the 19 years from February 1973 to February 1992 were included.Main outcome measures: Patient survival, transplant survival, transplant function, change in prednisolone requirements, and duration of hospital stay.Results: The first 32 patients were treated with immunosuppressive regimens based on combinations of prednisolone and azathioprine (“dual therapy”), while the next 40 patients were treated with combinations of cyclosporin, prednisolone and azathioprine (“triple therapy”). Survival of patients in each group five years after transplantation was 97%. Actuarial graft survival at 5, 10 and 15 years in the dual therapy group was 58%, 52% and 47%, compared with a 5‐year actuarial graft survival in the triple therapy group of 96%. There was no statistically significant difference in renal transplant function between the two groups within the first 6 years after transplantation. Twelve of 26 patients (46%) treated initially with triple therapy were able to stop treatment with prednisolone within 12 months of transplantation. Median hospital stay was 12 (range, 6–35) days during the period 1973–1985 and 8 (range, 5–20) days for the 1985–1992 period.Conclusion: Live donor renal transplantation has provided a highly satisfactory means of treating patients with end‐stage chronic renal failure in the short and long term. Our recent experience indicates that excellent patient and graft survival and adequate renal function can be achieved by treating live donor renal transplant recipients with a triple immunosuppressive regimen of low dose cyclosporin, prednisolone and azathioprine.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121743.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY