ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121075.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121076.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121077.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121078.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mortality is an important measure of the extent of the health disadvantages experienced by Australia's Aborigines. In the absence of routinely available data on Aboriginal deaths, this paper has collated information from a number of sources. In addition to published reports and theses, it also includes unpublished data provided to the Australian Institute of Health by State and Territory health authorities. The review also draws on data on maternal deaths, collated on a triennial basis and published by the National Health and Medical Research Council. Despite improvements in some indices of mortality, the death rates of Aborigines, particularly for young and middle aged adults, are unacceptably higher than those of non‐Aboriginal Australians. Without substantial reductions in death rates, the expectation of life of Aborigines will remain comparable with that of people living in developing countries.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121079.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Surveys of ear disease amongst Aboriginal people In two Isolated bush communities (Wiluna and La Grange) and one urban community (Kwinana) In Western Australia were undertaken In 1988 or 1989. The ageadjusted prevalence odds ratio (relative risk) of perforations of the tympanic membrane for Wiluna compared with Kwinana was 5.0 (95% confidence Interval [CI] 2.7‐12.2) and 6.8 (95% CI 3.5‐13.9) for La Grange compared with Kwinana. The relative risk of mild hearing loss, In comparison with Kwlnana, was 2.5 (95% CI 1.5‐4.3) for Wiluna and 3.2 (95% CI 2.0‐5.0) for La Grange. There was no significant difference in the relative risk of moderate or severe hearing loss or impedance pattern B, usually interpreted as “glue ear”, in any of the three' communities. Overall, the urban Aboriginal community had less ear disease and hearing loss than either of the Isolated bush communities, but even this community did not approach the much lower levels of prevalence in Australia as a whole.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121080.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121081.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The South Australian perinatal data collection for 1986‐1988 was used to compare the characteristics and outcomes of singleton pregnancies in 515 primigravid women aged 35 years and over with those in 4175 younger primigravid women aged 20‐29 years. Notable differences observed were a higher prevalence of medical, obstetric and labour complications and assisted deliveries in the older group. Breech presentations were almost twice as common in the older women, as were caesarean sections. Only 27% achieved a spontaneous vaginal delivery. The mean duration of hospital stay for the older women was longer for both vaginal and caesarean deliveries. However, although their babies were more likely to be premature or of low birth weight, the perinatal mortality rate was not significantly increased and the great majority of older primigravid women managed by modern obstetric methods can expect a good pregnancy outcome.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121082.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four hundred and eighty‐two unvaccinated children from three different age groups (12‐18 months, 30‐42 months, 54‐115 months) in a hepatitis B virUs (HBY) endemicareawere tested for markers of HBV infection. HBVseromarkers were detected in 52.3% of children and 26.9% were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)positive. Evidence of infection was related to age, with HBV sero marker rates highest (67.5%) in school children aged 56‐115 months. The HBsA.g positive rate was highest (30.1%) in children 30‐42 months of age. However, even children in' the youngest age group (12‐18 months) had high sero marker (26.8%) and HBsAg positive (17.0%) rates. A high proportion of HBsAg positive children (83.8%) were also hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) positive. Mothers of children in the youngest age group (12‐18 months) were also tested, and 24.5% were HBsAg positive. Factors associated with higher rates of infection in children included maternal HBeAgpositivity (for children In the youngest age group), increasing age, and residence on the Islands of Emao or Nguna. Higher rates of HBsAg positivity were associated with these factors and with being male. Crossinfection between children is probably the most important source of infection, based on the evidence of the high rate of HBeAg positivity in children and the rising infection rate with age. A possible vehicle of spread is through skin Infections and skin sores which are highly prevalent In children in Vanuatu. Since this study Indicates that both perinatal and early child‐to‐child transmission are occurring, the most practical strategy to prevent the majority of infections is to vaccinate all children, commencing at birth and completing the course early in the first year of life.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121083.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A sero prevalence survey of markers of hepatitis B virus (HBY) infection in children aged 0‐16 years was conducted in a mixed‐race township in western New South Wales. A total of 408 children were screened representing 95% of the total 0‐16‐year‐old population. Of the Aboriginal subjects, 69% had sero markers which indicated previous infection with HBYand 14% were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) sero positive. In the non‐Aboriginal subjects the prevalence of seromarkers was 10%with no subjects HBsAg positive. The township provided an ideal setting for studying possible crossinfectlon from children in a high risk (Aboriginal)population group to children in a low‐risk (non‐Aboriginal)group. The ratio of children in the high‐risk group for HBY infection to those in the low‐risk group was approximately 2.7:1. Although HBsAg was highly endemic in the Aboriginal population, the data Indicate that little crossinfection has occurred. We conclude that in this and similar mixed‐race communities action should be taken to accelerate vaccination programmes aimed at reducing HBY infection among neonates and children in the high‐risk groups. This will provide an immediate overall reductlon of potential risk to both high‐risk and low‐risk groups while the issue of universal vaccination is considered further.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121084.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY