ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb133728.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb133729.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb133730.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A random population survey of 406 Adelaide women who were aged 18 to 86 years, which was conducted in July, 1986, showed that in the previous year 68% of the women had exercised, 38% of the women had dieted, 15% of the women had fasted, 10% of the women had taken slimming tablets, 6% of the women had used diuretic agents and 3% of the women had used laxative agents in order to reduce or to control their weight. At the time of the survey 43% of women (60% of overweight women and 34% of non‐overweight women) were attempting to lose weight. The most common reasons for wishing to lose weight were: to feel better (75% of women); to look better (65% of women); and health or medical reasons (33% of women). In addition, a majority of the women were dissatisfied with the shape of their stomach, hips, midriff, waist, thighs and buttocks. The family doctor, books and magazines acted as the major sources of information on dieting and weight control. However, most of the women felt that their doctors did not provide them with enough advice on this topic, and the women were almost unanimous in their criticism of the preoccupation of magazines with slimness. The results suggest that health professionals need to provide women with more advice on safe weight‐control strategies and sensible body‐weight goals.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb133731.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Plain chest radiographs of 788 Pilbara iron‐ore miners from Western Australia have been examined by two independent observers for evidence of pneumoconiosis. The prevalence of any radiographic abnormality (a profusion grade of 0/1 or greater on the International Labour Office [ILO] scale) was 6.7% for Reader 1 and 9.9% for Reader 2. The prevalence of a definite radiographic abnormality (a profusion grade of 1/0 or greater on the ILO scale) was 1.9% for Reader 1 and 2.8% for Reader 2. The prevalence of any abnormality, as identified by either or by both observers, was significantly related to age. The relationship between a radiographic abnormality and the duration of employment was less clear. The results indicate a need for more detailed and comprehensive studies of the effects of ironore dust in this industry.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb133732.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

At present only subjective criteria exist to determine the legibility of health warnings on billboards that display advertisements for cigarettes. We constructed a set of objective standards and used them to assess the legibility of warnings on a sample of 37 billboards in Perth, Western Australia. The three features that were analysed were the apparent size of the letters, the colour contrast between the letters and their background, and the obliqueness of the message. We also compared the size and legibility of the health warning with that of the brand name. Health warnings were not legible to passing motorists in 51 % of cases and not legible to motorists who were stopped at nearby intersections in 74% of cases, whereas almost all the brand names could be read easily. These results indicate that the present system of voluntary regulation of advertisements for cigarettes has failed to ensure that health warnings on billboards are legible. For health warnings on advertisements to have any useful effect it is essential that they are legible. The only way to ensure legibility is to adopt objective requirements for it.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb133733.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The recorded causes of all deaths among the Yolngu group of Aborigines for a 30‐year period show only two cases of suicide. This confirms the low incidence that has been noted in other Aboriginal communities where the traditional values remain strong.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb133734.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A number of recently‐arrived refugees who are suffering from psychological disturbances and physical injuries that have resulted from torture or severe trauma has come to the attention of welfare workers and health personnel in New South Wales. A tentative estimate of more than 2000 refugees in New South Wales who are so affected, and clear evidence of extensive human rights abuses in the countries from which they came, indicate an urgent need for specialized care for the victims. Organized violence, including detention, torture and severe deprivation, is a tool of governments in many countries of the world. The varied forms of torture are all designed to destroy the trust, personality and self‐esteem of the victims and to foster dependency, debility and dread, both in the victims and in the societies in which they live. Those persons who survive torture and detention often are affected severely in body, mind and spirit. Many victims exhibit acute and chronic symptoms that are described commonly by the diagnostic categories “post‐traumatic stress disorder” and “torture syndrome”. Their kin, especially spouses and children, also suffer psychological and familial disturbances frequently, as a result of the arrest, detention and torture of the victim. Their suffering is compounded by the distress of fleeing their home country and the stresses of adjusting to a new country and way of life. In Europe and North America, services have been established to treat and to rehabilitate sufferers of these disorders. Treatment programmes differ in structure and size, but include commonly psychotherapy, physiotherapy, specialized medical care and parallel assistance with resettlement and social adjustment for both the patients and their families. This article cites illustrative case material from New South Wales and summarizes the recommendations for a community‐based rehabilitation service for victims both of torture and of other forms of organized violence, such as detention in “re‐education” camps or the genocide in Kampuchea.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb133735.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In recent years, large numbers of South African children have been the target of state‐sanctioned abuse, including imprisonment in adult gaols. In spite of the restrictions on the gathering and dissemination of information in South Africa, reports from diverse sources have provided evidence that detainees as young as 11 years of age are subjected to unsanitary and crowded prison conditions, near‐starvation diets, intimidation and torture. The immediate and potential long‐term effects of this political abuse of children should be of great concern to the medical community.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb133736.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb133737.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY