ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120663.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120664.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120665.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We studied a sample of 302 inpatients from all medical and surgical wards of Westmead Hospital. Twenty‐six per cent of patients (47% of men and 4% of women) were identified as past or current “at‐risk” drinkers. Current drinkers preponderantly were male and were more likely to be admitted to hospital with trauma. Apart from trauma, alcohol‐related disease was not diagnosed commonly, and most drinkers were admitted to hospital with diagnoses that were not related clearly to alcohol abuse. Hospital medical staff members appeared reluctant to address alcohol abuse; a low rate of alcohol problems was identified, and alcohol‐related diseases appeared to be underdiagnosed.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120666.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A screening questionnaire was used to identify persons with alcohol‐related problems in a general hospital and in a general practice. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions about alcohol‐related problems during the past 12 months, and two questions which assessed the quantity and frequency of usual alcohol consumption. The questions about alcohol‐related problems led to the identification of more persons with problems than did the consumption questions alone. If the consumption questions only had been used to identify a high‐risk group of consumers, and if all these subjects had been persuaded to reduce their alcohol consumption to a low‐risk level, the reduction in the number of persons who experienced alcohol‐related problems would have been modest. This is compatible with the phenomenon of the preventive paradox, and it is concluded that any screening questionnaire must include questions other than those about high‐risk levels of consumption if it is to identify the majority of at‐risk persons.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120667.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data are presented on serogroups of meningococci(Neisseria meningitidis)that were submitted to Westmead Hospital and The Children's Hospital, Camperdown, from patients in Sydney and in rural areas of New South Wales, from January 1, 1977 to December 31, 1987. One hundred and ten organisms that were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or from blood were examined. All organisms were isolated from sporadic cases of meningococcal disease. Patients in the zero‐to‐two‐years' age‐group were affected most commonly, but 36.3% of isolates were from older children and adults. The distribution of serogroups was as follows: serogroup B, 43.6%; serogroup A, 28.2%; serogroup C, 10.0%; serogroup W135, 8.2%; serogroup Y, 4.5%; and serogroup Z, 0.9%. The isolates that were serogrouped by us represented approximately half the cases of meninogococcal meningitis that were notified in New South Wales during this period. Serogrouping of meningococcal isolates is very important in order to follow epidemiological trends in the disease and to monitor the serogroups that cause outbreaks, where vaccination of contacts may be indicated. Our laboratories are prepared to receive isolates for serogrouping and antibiotic sensitivity testing from across New South Wales.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120668.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A random, stratified sample of 2601 adult Australians from all states and territories was interviewed about knowledge of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). After the interview, an anonymous questionnaire on the prevalence of practices that are associated with risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was left with the respondents; 60.2% of these questionnaires were returned. Data from this survey suggest that the prevalences of male homosexual behaviour, prostitute contact and lesbian contact are substantially lower than were estimated previously. Men with homosexual experience were significantly more prevalent in the more populous states, but the majority of other risk factors — intravenous drug abuse, male respondents' contact with prostitutes, transfusion of blood or blood products during 1980‐1985 and heterosexual contact — showed few significant associations with geographical, occupational or marital status. Intravenous drug abusers were significantly younger, and heterosexual contact was associated with age for both male and female respondents. No significant differences were found in the prevalence of homosexual contact among single, married and previously‐married men, although the prevalence of homosexual contact was lower in married men. The results of the study are discussed in terms of targeting preventive campaigns and assessing the future potential for the spread of HIV infection.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120669.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A survey was undertaken of homosexual and bisexual men in Brisbane to establish whether knowledge of their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐antibody status had influenced any sexual behaviour that was likely to spread HIV type 1 (HIV‐1). Of the 318 respondents, 123 respondents knew their HIV serological status, and 13 of these were HIV seropositive. Of the 195 respondents who previously had not been tested, 10 individuals proved to be HIV seropositive. Eighty‐two per cent of subjects stated that they had reduced their sexual activity because of their awareness of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); this reduction was equally common among those who had or had not previously had their HIV serological status checked. Anal intercourse was practised most frequently by those subjects who were HIV seropositive and were not aware of it; nevertheless, unprotected anal intercourse was common among subjects who knew their HIV serological status, including those who knew that they were HIV seropositive. Eighty‐nine of 208 subjects who were practising anal intercourse had never used a condom. Usage of a condom was marginally more common among those subjects who previously had been tested for the presence of HIV antibodies (P=0.06), and this was particularly so for those subjects who knew that they were HIV seropositive (P<0.01). Condom usage was no more common among those subjects who knew that they were HIV seronegative, when compared with those subjects who did not know their status. These data show that knowledge of a negative HIV‐antibody test‐result has no substantial association with safer sexual behaviour and suggest that whereas targeted information programmes have had some impact on behaviour in high‐risk groups in Brisbane, by the end of July 1986, these programmes had not yet resulted in safer sexual practices by the majority of homosexual and bisexual men.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120670.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1982, one year after the first cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported, a case definition of AIDS was produced by the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. This definition was implemented world‐wide, and it allowed the standardization of the reporting of cases. The identification of the virus that is responsible for AIDS, which subsequently was named the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), led to the development of laboratory test procedures to detect its presence. The use of these tests confirmed that additional clinical manifestations were associated with severe outcomes of HIV‐1 infection, which resulted in an increase in the number of conditions that were encompassed by AIDS. Moreover, the diagnosis of many AIDS‐defining conditions could be made presumptively in the presence of proved HIV‐1 infection. Thus the case definition required revision in 1985, and again in 1987. In addition, clinical expressions other than AIDS definitively were attributed to infection with HIV‐1 after the widespread use of the testing procedures. The case definition of AIDS, as revised by the Centers for Disease Control in 1987, now is the current definition that is used in Australia. The clinical classification of HIV infection, which was produced by the Centers for Disease Control in 1986, was implemented in this country in January 1988.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120671.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120672.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY