ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125937.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125938.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125939.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125940.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectiveTo: (i) determine the magnitude and describe the spectrum of sports‐related eye injuries; (ii) compare the sporting profile variations within Australia and overseas; and (iii) provide recommendations to help decrease the frequency and severity of eye injuries in sports.Design and settingDescriptive study of sports‐related eye injuries identified from a cross‐sectional survey of ocular trauma treated in an eye hospital during a two‐year period from November 1989 to October 1991.ResultsAlthough sports injuries comprised only 5% of all eye trauma, they accounted for a disproportionately high ocular morbidity, representing 22% of hospital admissions. Most patients were admitted for hyphaema (81%), but there were eight ruptured globes and 20 other cases required surgical repair. For those hospitalised for serious injuries, 19% were legally blind (visual acuity<6/60) and 10% had visual acuity between 6/18 and 6/36 initially, with 29% of patients recording a visual loss in excess of 50% incapacity (<6/18) at three months after injury.ConclusionEye injuries were most frequently caused by squash, badminton, Australian Rules football and cricket, a sports profile distinctly different from those of the United States and United Kingdom. That none of the players in my study had worn correct eye protection offers a wide scope for preventing injuries in what should be safe recreational pastimes.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125941.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of trachoma and blindness in the Aboriginal population in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara and Yalata lands of South Australia.Design and settingA population‐based prevalence survey undertaken in conjunction with routine South Australian Aboriginal Trachoma and Eye Health Program trips during 1989 and 1990.ResultsA group of 1514 individuals aged 0‐90 years, or approximately 58% of the estimated Aboriginal population in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara and Yalata lands, was examined. Active inflammatory trachoma was found in 17.6% of the group (266 individuals), cicatricial trachoma in 25.2% (382) and binocular blindness (Australian definition) in 1.5% (22). The major causes of monocular and binocular blindness were trachoma, cataracts and trauma. Two per cent of women (17 of 849) were blind, compared with 0.8% (5 of 665) of men (odds ratio, 3.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.03‐10.43).ConclusionsAlthough trachoma is still endemic in the “traditional” Aboriginal population of SA, its prevalence and severity appear to be less than previously recorded. However, the prevalence of blindness is comparable with that found in developing countries and the causes are still largely preventable. Further effort is required to reduce trachoma and preventable or treatable blindness in these communities.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125942.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectivesTo establish the prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, diabetic retinopathy in an Australian adolescent diabetes clinic population.DesignA prospective longitudinal study; baseline findings.PatientsTwo hundred and fifty‐five patients with Type 1 (insulin‐dependent) diabetes mellitus assessed by our service were studied. Entry criteria were: age 11.0‐19.9 years; diabetes duration of at least two years; and gradable fundus photographs of at least one eye.Main outcome measuresThe presence and severity of retinopathy, as assessed by the grading of stereoscopic fundus photographs. Possible risk factors assessed were age, sex, diabetes duration, pubertal stage, blood pressure, glycaemic control and total cholesterol level.ResultsThe prevalence of retinopathy was 42%; all of those affected had mild background retinopathy. Highly significant associations were found with glycaemic control and both total and prepubertal duration of diabetes. No associations were found with age, sex, pubertal stage, blood pressure or total cholesterol level.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of early diabetic retinopathy in this group of Australian adolescents is comparable to recent reports from other centres. The significant associations with glycaemic control and duration of diabetes provide further strong evidence for the benefit of optimal glycaemic control during adolescence. Our finding that the prepubertal years of diabetes contribute to the development of retinopathy suggests that glycaemic control before puberty should also be optimised. The planned follow‐up of this cohort will establish the risk of progression to vision‐threatening retinopathy and allow risk factors to be further evaluated.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125943.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125944.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectiveTo determine the current prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in Melanesians of three coastal Papua New Guinean communities, to relate this to previous studies, and to investigate plasma glucose distributions in these populations.DesignCross‐sectional survey, using 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests and World Health Organization criteria.SettingRural Papuan villages of Wanigela and Kalo, and Wanigela people of the urban squatter settlement of Koki, Port Moresby.SubjectsAll adults aged 25 years or more living in the three communities were eligible, with response rates of 77.2% (Koki), 88.1% (Wanigela) and 72.5% (Kalo).Main outcome measuresPrevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance, risk factor levels, fasting and two‐hour plasma glucose concentration.ResultsAge‐standardised prevalence of NIDDM in Koki Wanigelas was 27.5% in men and 33.0% in women; an additional 20.5% of men and 22.0% of women had IGT. Even in the youngest age group (25‐34 years), 36.5% of subjects had abnormal glucose tolerance. The overall prevalences of NIDDM and IGT in rural Wanigelas were 11.7% and 17.0% respectively. In Kalo both were uncommon. The prevalences of IGT and NIDDM in Koki had doubled over a 14‐year period. The age‐standardised prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance in the Koki Wanigelas is the second highest in the world after the Arizona Pima Indians, and higher than in Micronesian Nauruans, even though the latter are more obese. Both fasting and two‐hour glucose concentrations in all age groups in Koki were clearly bimodal, a mixture of two log‐normal distributions.ConclusionsThe Wanigela people of Papua New Guinea have an extraordinary susceptibility to glucose intolerance which is exposed after adoption of modern lifestyle habits. A “founder effect” may explain the high frequency of a diabetogenic genotype in this population.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125945.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectivesTo examine rates of suicide by Tasmanians less than 20 years of age, to compare them with rates for Australia as a whole, and to report a clinical study of child and adolescent self‐harm in Tasmania.DesignAustralian Bureau of Statistics data on suicides by 0‐19‐year‐olds in Tasmania and Australia and population estimates were used to calculate and compare suicide rates for the period 1965‐1991. The self‐harm study involved 36 females and 16 males presenting to the accident and emergency department of a general hospital. They were studied by means of structured interview and scales of personal/family functioning and beliefs. Controls were individually matched with patients with no psychiatric condition.ResultsDuring 1965‐1991, the suicide rate in Tasmanian males aged 15‐19 years was higher than that of mainland Australian males and had increased during the last 10 years of this period. Suicide rates for males, both in Tasmania and mainland Australia, were higher than the corresponding rates for females. Among females aged 10‐14 years or 15‐19 years, the rates for Tasmania were not different from those of the mainland counterparts. The rate for 15‐19‐year‐old Tasmanian females was higher during the last decade of the study period than in earlier years.Common motivations for self‐harm were to die or to escape an impossible situation, rather than to attract the attention of others. Most adolescents had serious personal and interpersonal problems, usually involving family dysfunction, including parental separation, physical abuse and lack of a family confidant, when compared with controls. Ingestion of medication (most frequently paracetamol) was the most common method of self‐harm.ConclusionsThe suicide rate in 15‐19‐year‐old Tasmanian males is higher than the mainland rate and rising. Self‐harm in adolescence is associated with serious personal and interpersonal problems which must be identified before effective counselling can begin. The formation of multidisciplinary teams for the immediate assessment and support of self‐harming adolescents and their parents is recommended.

ISSN:0025-729X    

DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125946.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY