摘要:

Closing of the posterior intervertebral spaces of the craniovertebral joint is not performed by the classical posterior atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial membranes. In the atlantooccipital space, the connective laminae come from the occipital periosteum and from the anterior fascia of the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle, and pass round the anterior side of the posterior arch of the atlas to reach the spinal dura mater. In the atlantoaxial space, the anterior fasciae of the rectus capitis posterior major muscle and of the inferior oblique muscle, as well as the periosteum of the posterior arch of the atlas, extend to reach the spinal dura mater. Thus, the epidural space is ceiled posteriorly by the connective laminae of the atlantoaxial space, and lets above a superior recessus containing the ganglia of the spinal nerves Cl and C2 and in which the vertebral artery transits.

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147287

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1992

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Based on histochemical and immunohistochemical evidence, horse elbow extensor muscles are composed of two morphologically distinct muscle groups. The long and lateral heads of the triceps brachii are large, predominantly type II (presumed fast) muscles. The long and lateral heads of the triceps together account for 96% of the weight of the elbow extensors (long head of triceps is 81%). The long and lateral heads contain three histochemical fiber types: types I, IIa and IIb. Type I muscle fibers account for approximately 18 and 27% of the fibers in the long and lateral heads of the triceps, respectively. In the lateral head, type Πa and lib fibers account equally for the remaining 70% while in the long head of the triceps type lib fibers predominate (50%) over type Ha fibers (32%). In contrast, the much smaller medial head of the triceps (2% of triceps mass) and the anconeus (2% of mass) contain almost exclusively type I muscle fibers. It is hypothesized that the medial head and anconeus, with their slow fibers, contribute to the postural maintenance of the forelimb by preventing flexion at the elbow joint during passive stance. The larger long and lateral heads, with their generally fast fiber populations, are most likely important during dynamic activity

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147288

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1992

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The distribution of oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons in the diencephalon of the hibernating Japanese horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, was immunohistochemically investigated by the avidin-biotin complex method. Magnocellular OXT and VP neurons were localized mainly in the para-ventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus. In addition to these main nuclei, both kinds of magnocellular neurons were also found in the periventricular nucleus, perifornical area and lateral hypothalamic area. Extensively distributed parvocellular neurons containing only VP were observed in the rostral and middle portions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The size of OXT and VP magnocellular neurons was almost equal in the paraventricular and ventromedial supraoptic nuclei, whereas VP neurons were significantly larger than OXT neurons in the dorsolateral supraoptic nucleus. The OXT and VP cells in the ventral supraoptic nucleus showed a distinctive elliptical shape. Both OXT and VP fibers were distributed in the lateral habenular nucleus, stria medullaris thalami, lateral preoptic area, stria terminalis, and medial and supracapsular part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Moreover, OXT fibers were found in the substantia nigra, and VP fibers were noted in the nucleus reuniens and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus.

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147289

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1992

数据来源: Karger