摘要:

Improved techniques have been developed for washing, pinning, fixation, dehydration and critical-point drying of tissues of female and male reproductive tracts, gametes, for viewing by scanning electron microscopy. The sputtering method, performed by an ion gun, is applied to shadow and produce a thin film of gold. Technical details and metal coating are noted which are suitable to improve images of surface ultrastructure of cilia and microvilli. Studies using scanning electron microscopy, histological and histo-chemical techniques, and cinematography are described.

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000144696

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1976

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

We have amended and added to Fabians tables giving a functional assessment of individual masticatory muscles. The data in our tables refer only to the temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus medialis, pterygoideus lateralis and digastricus muscles. The weights of these muscles were determined in three fixed human cadavers and the mean values compared with those of apes, carnivores, herbivores and rodents. In humans, the most powerful masticatory muscle is the M. temporalis, followed by the M. masseter, as in apes and carnivores. The M. pterygoideus is also one of the most important. This is remarkable, since in the other groups this muscle occupies the last place. This relative strengthening of the M. pterygoideus lateralis is an important characteristic of the human masticatory apparatus. In humans, the difference between the relative weights of the individual masticatory muscles is not nearly so great as in other mammalian groups. The M. pterygoideus lateralis does lie close behind the other two big adductors (Mm temporalis and masseter) but, as regards power and weight, it hardly differs from the M. pterygoideus medialis and the M. digastricus. In humans the strengthening affects not only the M. pterygoideus lateralis but also the M. digastricus. It would seem that these two masticatory muscles could become the key to the understanding of the specific changes in human mastication.

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000144697

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1976

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Mouse gallbladder epithelium was studied in the electron microscope after glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixation and Epon embedding. Special attention was paid to dense cytoplasmic bodies. Heterogeneous dense bodies with osmiophilic and loose granular components were identified. Many of these bodies consisted of lamellated osmiophilic structures, similar to the phospholipid bodies of the large alveolar (type II) cells of the mammalian lung. The dense bodies containing the lamellar structures were membrane-limited and 0.5–1.0 µm in diameter. They were located in the supranuclear cytoplasma and were often closely associated with the Golgi apparatus. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated within these bodies and in some of the Golgi vacuoles. The contents were disposed in concentric lamellar osmiophilic structures, sometimes appearing as scroll-like configurations. These morphological findings were interpreted as indication of these presence of phospholipid absorbed from the gallbladder lumen and stored in phagosomes in the central cytoplasm of the gallbladder epithelial cel

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000144698

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1976

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In the present investigation the action of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on Auerbach’s plexus of the ileum of the guinea pig has been studied with Falck and Hillarp’s histochemical technique. A single dose of 15–25 mg/kg of 6-OF£DA causes degeneration of some of the adrenergic nerve fibres after 6 h of treatment. 200–250 mg/kg of 6-OHDA is responsible for the total disappearance of nerve fibres in the ganglia and internodal strands within 24 h. 6 h after 100 mg/kg of 6-OHDA treatment, the intervaricose fibres have mostly disappeared and a few nerve fibres are swollen. The pre-terminal fibres are not much affected. After 24 and 48 h of 100 mg/kg treatment with 6-OHDA, most of the varicose and non-varicose fibres have diappeared and very few fibres are left, these having become intensely fluorescent and much swollen, probably due to the accumulation of storage granules transported to this site by axoplasmic flow. After 6–8 days of treatment with 6-OHDA, all the fluorescent fibres and cell bodies have disappeared.A few faintly fluorescent green and yellow cell bodies could also be observed; however, their chemical nature could not be

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000144699

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1976

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

An anomalous muscle passing through the brachial plexus was found in 10 cases out of 380 sides of 190 human cadavers in the dissection course. The muscle was designated as ‘accessory subscapularis-teres-latissimus muscle’. This muscle arose near the lateral margin of the scapula, either from the surface of the subscapularis muscle or from the border of the quadrangular terminal tendon of the latissimus dorsi or from both of those sources when the muscle was divided into two heads. It ran obliquely upward to fuse with the insertion of the subscapularis. The largest anomaly was 2.5 cm in width and 7 cm in length. This muscle could be classified into three types on the basis of tis nerve supply and its relation to the brachial plexus. The type I muscle crossed over the axillary and lower subscapular nerves, behind the radial nerve and was innervated by the lower subscapular nerves. The type II muscle penetrated the brachial plexus separating the radial nerve into two roots: the upper from the posterior division of the upper trunk and the lower from the posterior divisions of the middle and lower trunks. The type II muscle was supplied by a branch of the radial nerve, which originated always at the same level as the origin of the thoracodorsal nerve. The type III muscle passed through the further more ventrocaudal level of the plexus: in one case it divided the radial nerve into an upper root from the posterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks and a lower root from the lower trunk, and, in another case, into an upper main root from all the three trunks and a lower slender root from the lower trunk. The type III muscle was supplied by branches from the radial and in addition from the thoracodorsal nerve in one case. In four out of ten cases, the subscapular or thoracodorsal artery also passed posterior to the anomalous muscle. A discussion was made on the nature of the anomalous mus

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000144700

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1976

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The interfascicular oligodendroglia of the rat striatum nucleus is studied in control animals and under experimentally induced brain edemas. Enzyme histochemical studies were performed. Normal oligodendrocytes show two different enzymatic distributions. While Mg2+-ATPase, TPPase, adenylate cyclase and SDH are shown to be situated at the cell bodies and some proximal processes, 5’-nucleotidase reaction is seen at the cell fine distal processes. In spite of its strong activity in oligodendroglial endings the latter enzyme is not seen at the myelin sheath. This sheath and the interfascicular cells being intimately related, 5’-nucleotidase appears to be important not only during myelination, as almost all authors emphasize, but also in the adult myelin metabolism. Experimental brain edema shows some changes in the interfascicular oligodendroglia enzymatic activities for 5’-nucleotidase, Mg2+-ATPase and adenylate cyclase. A progressive disappearance of the former enzyme is observed. These features and those derived from local ionic alterations may be concerned with the special susceptibility of white matter for some types of brain swel

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000144710

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1976

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Histoenzymologic differences between the parotid, paramandibular and submandibular glands were studied in six Callithrix jacchus (four males and two females) and four Callithrix penicillata (three males and one female). The acinous cells of the paramandibular glands showed a stronger reactivity for the diaphorases (NADH2-TR and NADPH2-TR) and for a certain group of enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism (F-1–6P Aid, LDH, ADH, G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH), lipid metabolism (α-GPDH, β-OHBDH, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase), protein metabolism (alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase and GDH) and respiratory chain (β-aconitase and ICDH). The nonspecific esterase was more reactive in the basal part of the mucous cells of the submandibular glands. Conversely, some enzymes of the respiratory chain (SDH, cytochrome oxidase and ATPases) showed a stronger reactivity in the serous cells of the parotid and submandibular glands. The paramandibular glands exhibited a lesser autonomic innervation than the parotid and submandib

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000144701

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1976

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Alcian-blue-positive sites are initially detected around the photoreceptors at stage 40. RNA and protein sites are detected in inner segments as early as stage 37. PAS-positive sites are first detected in the inner segments at stage 43.

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000144702

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1976

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The pigeon pectoralis muscle was electrically stimulated in vivo at a high intensity of 25 V and the intracellular glycogen and fat reserves of the muscle examined histochemically to determine the pattern of substrate utilization in the component broad white and narrow red fibre types during the intense flight-simulated exercise. 4 h of continuous stimulation resulted in the depletion of intracellular glycogen from both fibre types and a simultaneous reduction in the intracellular fat stores of the red fibres. While glycogen provides the only source of energy for the white fibres, glycogen as well as fat serves as fuel for the red fibres. It is postulated that, though fat is the major fuel for the red fibres, their glycogen reserves are utilized to ensure a steady supply of oxalo-acetate essential in the oxidation of fatty acids via the Krebs cycle, and that fatty acid catabolism helps to maintain gluconeogenesis.

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000144703

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1976

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The chondrocytes of the humeral epiphysis and of the articular cartilage of newborn, 8-, 30- and 60-day-old albino rats contain β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase. Both enzymes were found to be rare in the before mentioned cells. The reactions begin in the cells of the column cartilage and of the osteoblasts of the metaphysis on the 8th day of life and demonstrate an additional activity in 40- to 60-day-old animals. The results mark the activity of the degrading enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolis

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000144704

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1976

数据来源: Karger