摘要:

The year 1988 marked the 80th anniversary of the birth of an illustrious polar researcher, Mikhail Mikhaylovich Somov. Born in Moscow in 1908, he graduated from the Hydrological Department of the Moscow Hydrometeorological Institute in 1937; he first went to the Arctic to study sea ice in 1938. In 1946 he continued these studies as Deputy Leader of the Eastern High Latitude Expedition aboard the ice breakerSevernyy Polyusand shortly after was a member of the so‐called “jumping”; detachments which landed on the arctic ice to carry out scientific work. In 1950 Somov led theSevernyy Polyus‐2drifting station. In 1955 Somov went south to the Antarctic for the first time as leader of the First Soviet Antarctic Expedition, which established stations at Mirnyy, Pio‐nerskaya and Oazis. Returning to the USSR, Somov became Deputy Director of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute and shortly afterward the permanent Soviet representative on the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research. In 1962–1963 and 1963–1964 Somov led the Eighth and Ninth Soviet Antarctic expeditions, the latter being his final antarctic expedition. He died on December 30, 1973. The flagship of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition,Mikhail Somovin service since 1975, is named after him.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377395

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

On March 15, 1985, while discharging cargo for Russkaya Station, the Soviet research vesselMikhail Somovbecame beset and began drifting. Despite every effort, her captain was unable to extricate her from the ice; of the 130 men on board 77 were transferred by helicopter to other vessels beyond the ice edge. The icebreakerVladivostok(26,000 hp) was sent south to rescue the entrapped vessel. Satellite information in the form of both radar and infrared imagery, combined with ice data from helicopter reconnaissance flights, greatly facilitated the icebreaker's progress.Mikhail Somovwas successfully freed on July 26. The experience gained from this winter voyage byVladivostokwould indicate that year‐round navigation is feasible using icebreakers, such asVladivostokin the area into which she penetrated.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377396

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Between March 25 and July 25, 1985Mikhail Somovdrifted a straight‐line distance of 328 miles (525 km). Drift velocities and directions during the different sections of this drift are related to the general patterns of atmospheric circulation, to wind velocities and directions, and to the known peculiarities of the Antarctic Coastal Current. Some preliminary analysis of the characteristics of iceberg drift in the same area is also attempted.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377397

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Meteorological observations carried out aboardMikhail Somovduring her drift provide a wealth of information on this little‐known area of the Antarctic. In particular they throw light on the Ross Sea Low, the deepest cell of atmospheric pressure on earth, and on the traveling cyclones associated with it. The latter result in some of the highest mean monthly wind velocities on earth along the Marie Byrd Coast, reaching 12–13 m/s in some months. Associated with these conditions are high levels of cloud cover and high humidities, making the environment of the Ross Sea one of the most severe oceanic environments in the world. Analysis of the weather data would suggest that an anomalous sequence of three cyclones in a row which approached the Russkaya Station area from the northeast (instead of the more normal direction of northwest) in March 1985 probably contributed to the ice conditions which led toMikhail Somov'sbesetment. The article concludes with a detailed analysis of weather conditions recorded aboardMikhail Somovduring the various sections of her drift.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377398

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The article studies in detail the nature of the fast ice (extent, seasonal variations in area, characteristics), the stationary floe‐edge polyniyas and the pack ice off the Russkaya Station area. Recommendations are made as regards to using the floe‐edge polyniyas by ships attempting to reach Russkaya Station.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377399

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The author presents a detailed discussion of ice characteristics (concentrations, age, thickness, snow depth, and amount of ridging) duringVladivostok'sentire track from when she entered the ice until she emerged, having freedMikhail Somov.Incidences of the icebreaker becoming jammed, of experiencing ice sticking to her hull, and of being nipped are also analyzed. Finally the tactics used byVladivostok'scaptain in reaching, freeing, and escortingMikhail Somovto open water are discussed.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377400

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

DuringVladivostok'svoyage to rescueMikhail Somovinfrared imagery from the NOAA satellite and radar imagery from the Kosmos‐1500 satellite were being received on board. This information was being supplemented by ice observations made visually from on board ship and during helicopter ice reconnaissance flights. Hence the signatures of various types of sea ice and features as displayed on the two types of imagery could be compared with the same phenomena as recorded visually, and with each other. Signatures of ice shelves, outlet glaciers, and large icebergs are also discussed and analyzed. The limitations of the two types of imagery as revealed during the polar night also are assessed.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377401

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Mikhail Somov'senforced drift in the area of the Ross Gyral during the antarctic winter provided a unique opportunity to compare the winter situation with regard to hydrological characteristics with those derived previously from a number of summer voyages. In general the winter situation is identical to that in summer, with the exception of the antarctic surface waters, which display a uniform thermohaline structure in winter but develop a two‐layered structure in summer. The reorganization from the summer to the winter situation lasts almost four months and is not completed until the end of June. In terms of volumes of water involved, the westward transfer in the Antarctic Coastal Current amounts to some 15 Sv.; approximately the same amount of water flows back east in the northern half of the gyral.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377402

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The article discusses the distribution of icebergs reported on the basis of visual observations and radar “sightings”; duringVladivostok'ssouthward and northward passages during her voyage to rescueMikhail Somovin July‐August 1985. A total of 828 icebergs were recorded on the southbound passage and 1090 during the northbound passage. In terms of latitude the distribution displays a sharp decrease in numbers of icebergs as one moves north from the coast of Antarctica. An interesting feature, on both passages, was a sharp decrease in sightings of icebergs between 69° and 70° S; this latitude corresponds to a major center of a cyclonic gyral located at about this latitude. The dominant shapes of the icebergs were pyramidal, tilted, or overturned, i.e., shapes indicative of disintegration.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377403

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In the Antarctic the sea ice is usually covered with a relatively heavy snow cover; snowfree areas are rare, amounting to less than 1% of the area of fast ice, and being almost nonexistent on pack ice. Observations made duringVladivostok'svoyage allowed the author to compile a table of snow depths on the basis of the age‐class of the sea ice, with depths varying from 5–10 cm onnilasto 40–100 cm on multiyear ice. The author rejects the 3‐part scale of snow depths conventionally used thus far because, having been developed in the Arctic, he believes it to be inappropriate for the antarctic situation. Instead he proposes an alternative antarctic scale of snow depths (also 3‐part) which takes into account the common antarctic phenomenon of flooding of the ice leading to slush formation.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377404

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor