摘要:

Studies conducted during the past 10–15 years have shown that icings are widespread throughout the world in areas with temperate and extreme climatic conditions. Judging by approximate estimates, the total area of icings fed by groundwater and rivers within the USSR amounts to about 128,000 km2, and their annual volume amounts to 160 km3. The volume of all types of icings on the earth's surface amounts to 1500 km3. Application of nonstandard methods of observation have allowed the authors to identify the physical essence of icing phenomena, to present some general patterns in icing variability in time and space, and to determine their role in the hydrological regime of rivers, in the formation of water resources, and in variations in microclimate, relief of the area, and soils and vegetation. Many problems of major scientific and practical significance emerged over the course of the study. The solution of these problems is possible only through multidisciplinary studies at three levels: local, regional, and global.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377406

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

On the islands of Severnaya Zemlya, where glacial moraines are noticeably lacking, the authors have mapped numbers of unusual channels, which carry no water at present and are unrelated to the present drainage network. They identify three categories of these channels: marginal channels along valley side‐slopes, commonly occurring in flights; channels cutting across divides; and major channels following the general regional gradient and generally at right angles to the former ice margins. They identify all three types of channels as glacial meltwater channels. The first category, they argue, represents marginal channels; the second category represents superimposed meltwater channels; and the origin of the third category is as yet unexplained. Using the distribution of the various types of channels the authors have delineated the maximum of ice cover on Severnaya Zemlya at the late Pleistocene maximum.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377407

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The paper presents a generalized overview of the changes in the marine paleoenvironment of the Barents Sea associated with the events of the late Pleistocene. Marine organisms responded in a variety of ways to a wide range of environmental changes, including penetration of the continental icecaps across the continental shelves from North Norway, the Kola Peninsula, Novaya Zemlya and Svalbard, the development of ice shelves beyond the limits of those icecaps, to coalesce and cover much of the remainder of the Barents Sea, the emergence of parts of the remainder of the shelf due to glacio‐eustatic sea level lowering, and the lowering of salinities during deglaciation due to the massive discharge of meltwater from the thinning and retreating icecaps. Unraveling of the evidence of these changes and of the resultant paleoecological responses, particularly through analysis of sea‐bed cores, is providing marine paleoecologists with a major challenge.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377408

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Large accumulations of very close pack ice, called ice massifs, have been identified in the ice‐covered areas of the ocean. Eighteen such ice massifs have been identified, their total area accounting for 75% of the area covered with sea ice. About 80% of the total volume of sea ice is concentrated in them. Thicker, heavier ice massifs present the main obstacle to navigation and have caused the loss of many vessels. Spurs of the ice massif in the Arctic Basin are distinguished from local massifs. The main peculiarities in interannual and seasonal variability in the areas and locations of massifs are found to be their inertia (lasting for 2–3 months) and the way two areas may balance each other in terms of ice conditions; this latter phenomenon is explained in terms of contrasting (but related) wind and pressure conditions. Some features of ice massifs in winter and their interaction are discussed.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377409

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Results of snow surveys made on Austfonna in 1958 and 1987 are presented. It was established that the pattern of accumulation on the dome was asymmetric. Maximum snow accumulation (in excess of 70 g/cm2) is recorded on the southeast slope, while the minimum accumulation (20–30 g/cm2) occurs on the west slope near the glacier margin. Over the majority of the dome winter accumulation amounted to 50–70 g/cm2, which agrees well with data obtained by other expeditions [5, 8]. It was demonstrated experimentally, using a hydrodynamic model, that the amount of precipitation on the dome and the pattern of distribution are mainly determined by its shape and dimensions.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377410

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Analysis of maps depicting “Magnitude of isostatic uplift of Antarctica after removal of the glacier load”; and “Bedrock of Antarctica after deglaciation”; has produced the following results. The total mass of the crust uplifted due to deglaciation is 6.2 million km3; the mean value of isostatic uplift is 450 m. It was also possible to calculate the mean altitude and area of Antarctica within its geographical and geophysical limits. Comparison of the mean altitude (500 m) of the reconstructed bedrock surface and of the area of Antarctica within its geographical limits (16.62 million km2) with the same morphometric parameters of the other continents shows that its mean altitude would not differ from that of the other continents.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377411

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The paper focuses attention on the 90th anniversary (last year) of the start of modern fisheries research in the Barents Sea. In 1898 the ichthyologist N. M. Knipovich initiated the “Expedition for Fisheries Research off the Coasts of Murman,”; carrying out survey work from a small sailing vessel,Pomor.But in 1899 Knipovich took delivery of a specially designed and specially built fisheries research vessel,Andrey Pervozvannyyand in that summer the ship completed her first season of field work. During the next decade the vessel carried out an impressive range of surveys of the fisheries and the oceanography of the Barents Sea, and acted as a valuable training ground for an impressive group of young scientists.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377412

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

On the basis of detailed examinations of a seacliff exposure near the settlement of Seyakha on the east coast of Yamal Peninsula the authors conclude that this considerable thickness of ice‐rich sediments, enclosing massive syngenetic ice wedges, accumulated under estuarine conditions, i.e., conditions of periodically inundated salt marshes, rather than under alluvial/floodplain conditions as has been most commonly suggested elsewhere for this type of complex. Their conclusions are supported by a detailed analysis of the stratigraphy, radiocarbon dates on organic matter, and a thorough analysis of the diatoms in the sediments and their salinities. The sediments are thought to have accumulated (and the ice wedges to have formed) between 30,000 and 16,000 years B.P.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377413

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378909377405

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor