摘要:

During the period 1984–1986 archeological excavations were carried out in “Bol'shoy Glukhoy”; cave, a karst cave on the Chusovaya River, a tributary of the Upper Kama in northeastern European Russia. The excavations revealed a multilayer Paleolithic site, with at least five distinct Paleolithic culture layers. Three layers from the Upper Paleolithic represented only brief periods of occupance. The lowest culture layer is dated to the Acheulean archeological epoch of the Middle Pleistocene (Late Dnepr) on the basis of the morphology of the stone tools found, and of the geological and paleonto‐logical data. This provides evidence that man had already occupied the Upper Kama basin by the Lower Paleolithic. The association of artifacts with remains of a tundra fauna would indicate that these early occupants of “Bol'shoy Glukhoy”; cave were capable of coping with the severe climates of a Middle Pleistocene glacial phase.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889379309377508

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The landscapes of the Taz Peninsula may be divided into three main relief types: present‐day depositional relief, biogenic‐cryogenic relief, and cryogenic‐erosional relief. Each is described in detail in terms of the processes involved in its development and as to the vegetation communities (subarctic and forest tundra) with which it is associated. The dangers associated with huma n activity in each of the three relief types is stressed, the greatest potential danger undoubtedly being that of accelerated thermokarst in the cryogenic‐erosional relief type.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889379309377509

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

New paleoecological reconstructions are based on results of integrated investigations of a Holocene site in lower Grøndalen near Barentsburg, Spitsbergen. Fluvial, solifluctional, lacustrine, paludine (marsh environment), and marine facies give evidence of complex environmental changes. A mosaic of large grass‐moss fens and sphagnum‐hypnum palsa bogs together with dwarf shrub‐moss heaths existed during the Holocene Climatic Optimum. Solifluction processes occurred during minor cool intervals and led to the formation of lobes and fans on valley slopes. Herbaceous and hypnum‐moss swamps and moist meadows occurred during a rather warm climate in the Subboreal. There was a marked marine transgression in the early Subatlantic. Correlations were made between the main stages of environmental development in Spitsbergen, the Faroes, the Shetland Islands, eastern Greenland, and Novaya Zemlya. During the last ice age these areas supported centers of glaciation in combination with biotic refugia, where successional systems of plants were highly organized. Since late‐glacial time these systems have displayed relatively rapid dispersal to new sites as they became free of ice and water.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889379309377510

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Using an established formula for calculating glacier surface melt from mean summer air temperatures and measured mass balance parameters, the authors have developed a technique of numerical modeling for predicting changes in volume and area of glaciers that may be anticipated with various scenarios for climatic warming. Applying the technique to the glaciers of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, they have formulated the following predictions. With any warming over 3° C, all the glacier ice on Nordaustlandet will disappear; with a warming of 4° this will occur in 1000 years, and with a warming of 6° C it will occur in only 300 years. Even with a minor temperature increase (1–2° C) over a period of 400–600 years the ice area and volume will shrink by 30–50%, mainly in marginal areas of Austfonna where the glacier bed is below sea level; the isolated ice cap of Vestfonna will also disappear completely, even with this minor degree of warming.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889379309377511

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The article traces the controversy between J. N. De l'Isle and Gerhardt F. Müller in the mid‐18th century as to the discoveries made by the Great Northern Expedition (1733 1743) under the command of Vitus Bering. De l'Isle maintained that the entire area of the North Pacific explored by Bering had already been explored by the Spanish Admiral De Fonte. In Western Europe De l'Isle was supported by the French geographers Philippe Buache and. later, Robert Vogondi. and Müller's refutation of De l'Isle by the Anglo‐Irishman Arthur Dobbs. The Swiss geographer Samuel Engel also supported De l'Isle, maintaining that the Russian maps had deliberately lengthened Siberia eastward by 30° for political reasons, and specifically to discourage West European nations from attempting the Northeast Passage. 1 he German geographer A. F. Büsching then entered the fray, attacking Engel and supporting Müller. In 1776 the mysterious I.L.S. (whom the author identifies as I. I. Stafengagen of St. Petersburg) strongly rejected the accusations of De l'Isle and Engel. James Cook's voyage through Bering Strait in 1778, and his careful surveys, provided an unassailable confirmation of Müller's arguments, and the latter's position was stengthened even more by P. S. Pallas's views on Russian discoveries in the North Pacific in 1782 and by the sanctioning of Müller's position by both J. P. Forster and his son Georg Forster in 1784 and 1794, respectively.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889379309377512

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Geomorphological research in the Tiksi area, northern Yakutia (Sakha republic), has revealed evidence for a former maritime ice sheet centered on the East Siberian shelf. Fresh‐looking U‐shaped valleys, giant grooves, rock drumlins, crag‐and‐tails, striated boulders, and impressive systems of glaciotectonic ridges coupled with rock basins ("hill‐and‐hollow pairs") were found in the area; all attest to past ice movement in a landward direction, i.e., NE‐SW. The start of lacustrine sedimentation in the rock basins was radiocarbon‐dated using AMS at 6450 ± 110, 6870 ± 80, and 8500 ± 160 years B.P. Additional evidence for ice marginal positions and ice‐flow directions is provided by the oriented lakes of the Yana‐Indigirka Lowland.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889379309377513

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889379309377507

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor