摘要:

Having examined and discarded two previous attempts at regionalization of Finnish agriculture, the author proposes his own classification and boundaries. Working with the statistics of the 18 agricultural regional centers for which statistics are gathered and published, he identifies six major agricultural regions on the basis of type of agriculture, gross agricultural income per farm, size of farms, degree of capitalization, and number of hired workers per farm.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378709377316

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This assessment of recreation and tourism in the Southern Ocean starts with a demarcation of the northern boundary of the ocean; in the authors’ view it extends north to the southern coasts of South Africa, South America and Australia, and indeed, in the case of South Africa, even stretches north of 35°S. Rather than subdividing the Southern Ocean into “oceanic”; sectors, e.g., the Indian Ocean sector, the authors opt instead to deal with the topic in terms of three latitudinal zones: temperate, subantarctic and antarctic. They then discuss the role of tourism (generally in quite qualitative terms) in each of these zones. With regard to the antarctic zone, however, the discussion of the history of tourism, both shipborne and airborne, is quite detailed and supported by some quantitative data. It is stressed that tourism is still in an embryonic stage in Antarctica, but that one should not be in a hurry to force the pace since even at its present rudimentary level tourism has been having an adverse impact on the vulnerable ecosystems of the continent.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378709377317

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Over the period 1980–84 the author was engaged in a study of the flora of the Pinega State Nature Reserve, to the northeast of Arkhangel'sk. In so doing she identified 476 species of higher plants belonging to 220 genera and 66 families. In this article she attempts a bipartite analysis of this rich flora on the basis of geographical ranges of the component species. The first part is a “longitudinal”; classification, based on the range of a species in an east‐west direction, e.g., a subgroup of Eurasian and East American species. The second part is a “latitudinal”; classification, divided into two types, six subtypes, 10 groups and 17 subgroups of ranges, the major focus being on latitudinal distribution. The analysis reveals that primarily boreal species are dominant (340 species or 71.4% of the flora), while the overwhelming majority within this group have a boreal‐mid European distribution (285 species or 59.8% of the total flora).

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378709377318

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The article examines in detail the submarine relief of the near‐shore shelf of the Barents Sea north of the Kola Peninsula. The major forms are dictated by fault systems in the bedrock striking northeast‐southwest and northwest‐southeast. Erosion, both fluvial and glacial, operating on these tectonic structures have resulted in an area of complexly dissected relief. Major glacial troughs extend across the shelf, continuing the alignments of the fiords of the Kola Peninsula coast. Elsewhere terminal moraine systems and well‐developed hummock‐and‐ridge relief are assumed to represent the well‐preserved depositional legacy of the last, maximal stage of the Valday glaciation.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378709377319

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The author questions the validity of earlier attempts at squeezing global Pleistocene glacial events into the mold of the “four glaciation”; Alpine model, and is even more critical of the recent trend to expand the number of Pleistocene glaciations even further. He points out that ice core data from both Greenland and Antarctica would suggest that there has been a progressive global climatic cooling throughout the whole of the late Cenozoic, provoked by a reduction in size of ocean areas and an increase in the areas and heights of the continents. This cooling trend reached a maximum in the late‐Quaternary (30,000 to 20,000 B.P. approximately), which was associated with a marine regression which caused the isolation and severe cooling of the Arctic Ocean. This in turn provoked a drastic cooling of the climates of the adjacent continents and initiated a limited glaciation. Ice cap formation was on a much more restricted scale than has been conventionally proposed for the Pleistocene glaciations. On the other hand permafrost was very extensive on the northern hemisphere continents, the ratio of glacier area to permafrost area being about 1:10. The area of sea ice cover in the North Atlantic and North Pacific also expanded considerably.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378709377320

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The article reviews the history of studies of ice‐drift patterns in the Arctic Ocean, fromFram'sdrift in 1893–96, through the drift ofGeorgiy Sedovin 1937–40 and that of Papanin'sSevernyy Polyus‐1to the present‐day deployment of automatic weather beacons (DARMS). Since 1975 ADRAMS (Air‐Droppable Remote Access Measuring System) buoys have been widely deployed by the Americans; the specifications and capabilities of these buoys are presented in detail. In 1979 18 ADRAMS buoys were deployed in a net with an approximate spacing of 500 km as part of the First Global Experiment Project (FGGE). The position of the buoy, air pressure, and temperature were transmitted via a TIROS‐N satellite between 8 and 18 times per day. The buoys continued to transmit for up to 451 days, during which time they drifted an average distance of 860 km. A map of the drift patterns of the buoys is presented. Results of statistical analysis of these patterns will follow.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378709377321

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Deployment of 18 ADRAMS (Air‐Droppable Remote Access Measurement System) buoys within the framework of the First Global Experiment Program in February 1979 permitted for the first time the analysis of the pattern of simultaneous ice drift velocities throughout the Arctic Basin (see previous article). An analysis of the pattern was made for the period March 1979‐January 1980. In general terms the pattern displays several features which were already quite well established, especially the presence of the anticlockwise Beaufort Gyral and of the east‐west Transarctic Drift. However the position, dimensions, and configuration of the Beaufort Gyral vary strikingly from month to month. The width of the Transarctic Drift was found to vary noticeably in response to changes in the position and size of the Beaufort Gyral. Generally the position and size of the Beaufort Gyral is controlled by the position and intensity of an atmospheric high pressure system, although the positions of coastlines and possibly other factors also play a role. Plotting of maximum ice drift velocities reveal an interesting pattern in terms of the shape of thestrezhen’ (line of maximum velocity), which assumes the form of an open loop starting northwest of Ellesmere Island, swinging clockwise around the Arctic Basin and heading into Fram Strait. Variations in the width of thestrezhen’and velocity distribution along it were plotted and analyzed. The latter is clearly correlated with variations in atmospheric pressure gradients.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378709377322

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889378709377315

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor