摘要:

In this overview of the present socio‐economic situation in the Arctic the author specifically confines his attention to the Arcticper seusing the treeline (on land) and the maximum extent of sea ice as the southern boundary. A brief review of resource potential emphasizes the low phytomass production and the vast seasonal variations in nutrient supply between summer and winter in terms of both terrestrial and marine resources. A survey of “traditional”; economic activities of the various indigenous groups in the Arctic differentiates between the pre‐European activities and the various modifications made to those activities through the impact of early adjustments to external economic influences, e.g., whaling, trapping, etc. Trends in population and settlement patterns are then examined, with particular emphasis on the recent concentration of population into settlements, which has affected almost every aspect of the Arctic. Discussion of positive and negative impacts of various development projects, e.g., mining, on the indigenous population is followed by an analysis of the related topic of environmental aspects of development projects. Fluctuations in the fortunes of the various types of exploitation of renewable resources are analyzed. And finally the widespread movement toward self‐determination among the indigenous peoples is assessed and the conclusion is reached that many of the recent land‐claims settlements are far from being as satisfactory (from the point of view of the indigenous people) as they might at first appear, and may need to be renegotiated. The concluding argument is that in view of the drastic increases in the indigenous populations the various market‐oriented branches of the economy cannot hope to provide the answers to all the problems of the Arctic and that expansion and intensification of traditional activities (possibly in association with renegotiation of land claims) will definitely be necessary in the future.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889379109377465

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Several sets of samples of peat and wood were collected from beneath an upper till layer, from beneath fluvioglacial sands in spillways, and from beneath glaciolacustrine sediments in the Middle Yenisey valley. Radiocarbon dates (including some accelerated mass spectrometry dates) on these materials yielded finite ages ranging between 24,000 and 51,000 years B.P. (from beneath early glacial deposits) and between 9500 amd 16,000 years B.P. (from beneath late glacial sediments). These results suggest that the glacier lobe which advanced up the Yenisey valley to 61° 50'N from the Kara Ice Dome must have been of Late Pleistocene age, and reached its last maximum around 20,000 years B.P. It seems reasonable to suggest that the entire outer belt of end moraines presented in Figure 1 also marks the extent of this last Kara Ice Dome. This also implies that the dome was the largest Pleistocene glacier in northern Eurasia.

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889379109377466

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition of 1910–1915 represented a sustained and impressive effort by the Imperial Russian Navy to explore, survey, and chart the Northern Sea Route with a view to developing it as a commercial route. The expediton was provided with two specially‐built icebreaking research vessels,TaymyrandVaygach.The two ships made a brief sortie through Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea in the fall of 1910. Thereafter, for the following three years, they pushed steadily farther west along the arctic coast of Siberia, sounding, surveying, and pursuing scientific work as they went, and each year returning to Vladivostok for the winter. In 1914 they were ordered to attempt the through‐passage to Arkhangel'sk (in part because of the anticipated need for icebreakers in the White Sea in the event of the outbreak of war). Both icebreakers became beset in the eastern part of the Kara Sea and both suffered some damage from ice pressures, but having survived an enforced wintering they reached Arkhangel'sk safely in the fall of 1915. Apart from the impressive volume of scientific data which it accumulated, the major attainments of the expedition were the first Russian landing on Wrangel Island (in 1911), and the discovery (in 1913) of the archipelago of Severnaya Zemlya (originally named Nikolay II Land).

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889379109377467

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0273-8457    

DOI:10.1080/10889379109377464

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor