摘要:

Socialization by mothers, a key determinant of daughters' work orientation, has generally been thought to operate via positive role-modeling. But socialization also occurs through negative modeling, normative influence, and conditional modeling. Using a sample of Louisville high school senior girls and their mothers, we tested whether the differential presence of these processes helps to explain why higher percentages of black than white women work. Other than negative modeling for black girls whose mothers hold blue-collar jobs, both groups of girls have strong similarities, with conditional positive modeling predominating. To the extent that these racial patterns can be generalized, they predict that expanded economic opportunities for black families will reduce racial differences in rates at which mothers are employed. These and other findings suggest that at least for the near future, current family roles, in which breadwinning is primarily the husband's responsibility, are not likely to be radically altered by married women's increasing propensity to work.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.187

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Rates and patterns of occupational mobility in Indianapolis during the 1850s are analyzed using data from manuscript federal census schedules. Between 1850 and 1860, nearly half the working males who remained in the city were mobile, most of them within the nonmanual or manual categories. Analysis by age cohorts revealed that the young were more likely to be upwardly mobile and less likely to be downwardly mobile than older cohorts of workers. This differential mobility was almost totally a result of the different origin distributions of the cohorts. An analysis of nativity-ethnicity indicated that immigrant males occupied favorable positions in the occupational hierarchy in 1850, which led to considerable upward mobility. Once structural conditions were taken into account, however, differences between the mobility rates of native-born and foreign-born were small, with the native-born somewhat more likely to cross the manual-nonmanual boundary. Basic findings from this study are compared with those from studies of Boston, Philadelphia, and Houston.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.205

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper examines the network of social power relations and the resultant social structure under a variety of external reinforcement conditions. The results clearly indicate that the nature of external reinforcement affects both the amount of structural differentiation which occurs in task oriented groups and their structural stability. The paper suggests some broader implications for the study of formal organizations, particularly studies of productivity.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.222

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Official school records are used to analyze the opportunity structure and selection mechanisms within a school. Critics' charges that tracking systems preclude choice and mobility are not entirely supported, but more complex and subtle mechanisms for restricting opportunity are found to operate. Moreover, the analysis discovers that even if college admissions committees wished to admit high-achieving lower-track students, the use by many high schools of a grade-weighting procedure by which lower-track students' achievements are belittled reduces their post-graduate opportunities. These findings suggest that customary assumptions about the influence of choice and achievement may be too simple and customary conceptual models of contest and sponsored mobility may be less appropriate for describing actual track systems than a tournament model.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.236

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Previous experiments have demonstrated that it is possible to raise children's expectations for their own performance at tasks resembling classroom tasks. Experiments reported here show that children will generalize such raised expectations from one task to a second dissimilar task; if children's performance at one task (involving planning a meal) are positively evaluated, they will raise their expectations for their own performance at another task (story telling) where the two tasks require different skills and different knowledge. Results of the present experiments on raising expectations are consistent with previous experiments in that the generalization effect, while significant, is smaller in magnitude than the direct effect.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.257

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Kanawha County, West Virginia is the scene of a continuing protest over the content of textbooks used in the public schools. This protest is analyzed within a reformulated theoretical framework of status politics derived from Weber and Gusfield. The background and development of this moral crusade are examined, as well as its organization, leadership, and the basic issues of the conflict. The conflict is viewed as a struggle between status groups for control of the means of the production of life styles. The protest is interpreted as the politics of life style concern. Protestors are expressing a direct concern about the erosion of their control over their way of life.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.265

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Any attempt to separate age, period, and cohort effects must distinguish between three levels of analysis: measuring differences, inferring effects, and imputing causes. The three differences that must be measured are longitudinal, cross-sectional, and time-lag. The inference of effects is based on the fact that each difference is composed of two of the three possible effects: age, period, and cohort. Only under specified conditions and with certain assumptions is it possible to separate and estimate the values of these three effects. The imputation of causes for these effects must be based on evidence from outside this model. This model is compared to other methods and illustrations of its utility are discussed.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.282

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.296

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.301

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.1.304

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP