摘要:

Relationships between attitude and overt behaviors were examined in two studies. Attitude toward abortion was assessed by questionnaire in undergraduate classes. Two to three months later pro- and anti-abortion subjects were seen individually, for an ostensibly unrelated project, and were asked to transcribe resolutely pro- or anti-abortion scripts. Supposedly the recordings would be used in a future study designed to convince hospital personnel either to support or refuse to participate in abortion procedures. In Study I, where respondents were allowed to transcribe either script, a strong attitude / choice-behavior correlation resulted: ϕ = .60. In Study II, the script was assigned randomly, creating attitude-congruent and attitude-discrepant conditions. Three criteria were affected in the expected way by attitude-congruency / discrepancy: (a) recording one's name with the persuasive message (ϕ = .56); (b) authorizing use of an identified tape (ϕ =.44); and (c) self-estimates of persuasiveness (ϕ = .36). Two other intuitively relevant behaviors werenotsignificantly associated with attitude-congruency /discrepancy. The observed correlations were high, compared to previous attitude-behavior research, and some possible explanations are offered.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.2.585

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper attempts to test Klapp's (b) position that a strictly open social system will be entropic. Data on seven ethnic groups in the Winnipeg area are used to test this claim. The data indicate that opening alone seems to be related to a state of entropy. Both the Poles and the Germans experienced considerable opening and very limited closing. This seems to cause marginality where individuals of each group could identify neither with their ingroup nor with the host society. The other five ethnic groups experienced both opening and closing in various combinations. The French and the Jews developed substantial subsystems which provided ingroup means for closing, while the British and Scandinavians opened up to the larger Canadian society which resulted in a more assimilated means of closure. The implications of this are discussed.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.2.600

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper examines the trend in the fertility difference between the South and the remainder of the United States—a differential which has existed since colonial times. The paper begins with a consideration of the reasons why there might be a regional fertility differential. The rest of the paper examines the trend in this differential. It is found that the long-standing higher fertility of the South, relative to the rest of the country, has ceased. But this does not mean that the differential has disappeared. The South currently has lower levels of fertility than the non-South, and this is because southernerspreferfewer children than nonsoutherners.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.2.621

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Findings by Campbell et al. inThe Quality of American Lifesuggesting that religious people tend to be somewhat less satisfied with their lives than the nonreligious are reexamined in this paper. Using the same data source and variables it is shown that their interpretation is in error, and that to the contrary, religion functions more as a resource than as compensation.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.2.636

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Sociological theories of suicide rates have not been systematically tested by cross-national research. This paper reports tests of three related theories of suicide (status integration, anomie, and industrialization theories) with data from 45 nations. A multiple regression analysis determined that the degree of female labor force participation, a variable in the status integration theory, was the most important correlate of suicide rates. A preliminary analysis of sex-specific suicide rates demonstrates that female labor force participation is most closely associated with male suicide, indicating that married males may experience more role conflict from their wives working than the wives themselves.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.2.644

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Emile Durkheim's theory of the emergence of the division of labor and consequent state of anomie was presented as a model by which the variance in international crime rates could be explained. Durkheim recognized the possibility that a “chronic” state of anomie occurring concomitant with industrialization would produce an increase in the crime rate. A test of the model delineating the causal relationships suggested by Durkheim found that the variable of anomie was not predictive of crime rates. However, a modified model excluding anomie was examined and found to be useful in explaining property and total crime rates. Alternative interpretations consistent with a Durkheimian perspective were suggested and explored.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.2.654

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The tipping effect of sanction certainty reported by Tittle and Rowe is of considerable theoretical import. This paper attempts to determine whether the tipping effect is peculiar to their data. An examination of sanction certainty indicators and the index crime rate in California cities and counties plus a further examination of Florida city and county data reveals that the tipping effect is an attribute of small populations: (1) it is present in smaller Florida cities but not larger ones and (2) the evidence of a deterrent effect of arrest certainty is stronger in smaller cities and counties than in larger ones. Three other explanations for this finding are considered and research directions specified.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.2.671

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In this note we report the results of a study of the effects of execution publicity on the incidence of homicide in a single State, South Carolina. The basic purpose is to see whether the data are consistent with the brutalization hypothesis; the use of the death penalty as a punishment by the state deadens people's respect for life and thus increases the incidence of homicide.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.2.683

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper addresses the ecological problem of how a territorial system is organized around a metropolitan center or system of such centers. We hypothesize that accessibility to the metropolitan system is inversely related to the degree of internal heterogeneity or differentiation of nonmetropolitan cities. Measuring differentiation on four variables: industry, occupation, education, and income, we find general support for this proposition. Ecological theory bearing on these problems also suggests that such specialization derives from trade interdependencies that grow with increased accessibility to the total territorial system. We interpret this to mean that the degree of industrial differentiation in a community mediates the relation between accessibility and other dimensions of differentiation. Again, the evidence seems to support this prediction.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.2.688

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper explores the relationship between selected state demographic variables and two measures of public welfare activity—coverage and closeness for 1960 and 1970. Generally, state wealth accounts for differentials in coverage (State AFDC Recipients / Totals Persons in Poverty in State) while the proportions of poor, proportions nonwhites and state growth in the preceding decade are influential in explaining differential closeness. (Average Monthly State AFDC Grant, Per Recipient / Monthly Per Capita Income of the State.) The two welfare measures are seen as linked to the societal-wide contest between norms of achievement and norms of equality.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/57.2.697

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP