ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/50.4.435

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Changes in the world around us are changing sociology. Fate, as defined by Mills and exemplified by the population explosion, has been more important than major political decisions in reshaping society. In an era of population pressure a new sociological paradigm is needed to replace the one that arose under conditions of nineteenth-century American expansion when progress seemed inevitable and man seemed free from biological limitations. Changes in the ecosystem, rather than protests from a counterculture, are the main pressure toward paradigm revision. Recent political activism is a vestige of the old paradigm, a symptom of redundancy anxiety, and a harbinger of fatalistic views likely to prevail in the future.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/50.4.436

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The three levels of “paradigms” held applicable to all knowledge communities by Thomas Kuhn are discussed, and the fourth—exemplars—deemed by Kuhn to be applicable only to natural scientific communities, is found to be of heuristic value in comprehending the paradigmatic communal life of sociologists as well. This is illustrated through the presentation of an exemplar rooted in a dialectical epistemology conditioned by a “prophetic” self-image consciously in dialogue with one's existential commitments and offered as a likely archetype of one of the paradigmatic modes which social research is apt to take in the 1970s.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/50.4.447

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Howard Odum at his death in 1954 was working on the technicways, a concept comparable to Sumner's folkways—addressed to the relation of technology to social change and social consensus. To Odum the essence of technicways is to be sought in terms of the transition required to give scientific techniques the sanctions of a system of norms. Technicways are the folkways of an age of science. The current neglect of this concept may be due to its embodiment in Odum's theory of folk sociology and in its closeness to Ogburn's social change which Odum apparently accepted.It is a paradox that today in a literate age of social change we have no records of the contemporary origin and development of folkways. This is explained when changing standards are related to scientific and engineering techniques. Another paradox demanding explanation is the incorporation of these techniques within the system of norms. Failure to understand the nature of thetechnicwaysleads to two popular fallacies: namely, (1) there exists a total breakdown of standards; (2) technology is in control of the social order. It is the contention of this paper that Howard Odum in the development of the concept technicways, has offered here a lead that takes up where Sumner's folkways left the subject.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/50.4.456

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Three theories about the effect of social mobility on attitude toward the political system are examined:cognitive dissonancetheory,tensiontheory, andacculturationtheory. Various measures of “attitude toward the system” that have been employed within these three theoretical contexts are discussed, and the appropriateness of political and personal efficacy scales is suggested. Using these scales to tap “attitude toward the system,” the relative efficiency of the three theories is assessed by fitting a dummy variable, additive regression model of origin and destination status effects to data obtained from a 1968 national survey. Mean efficacy scores predicted by the additive model are found to represent actual mean scores closely, resulting in the rejection of thecognitive dissonanceandtensiontheories which predict different forms of interaction. The mobility process itself has no unique effects on political or personal efficacy: rather, the mean efficacy of the mobile lies between that of origin and destination statuses, suggesting that mobile individuals become resocialized into their new status group.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/50.4.462

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The central concern of this paper is the conceptual interrelationship among “class,” “property,” and “authority”; the context is Dahrendorf's well-known critique of Marx's theory of class, wherein Dahrendorf contends that Marx erroneously specified the determinant of class, in part because of his alleged reliance on organismic analogies. After reviewing certain features of the structure of Marx's theory, the paper examines the foregoing and two related criticisms made by Dahrendorf, and concludes that the latter (1) overlooks crucial characteristics of Marx's theory, (2) engages in confused comparisons of “organism” and “society” in order to support part of his critique, (3) misrepresents Marx's usage of “property,” (4) obfuscates the concept of authority by equating it with domination, and therefore (5) constructs an alleged supersedent to Marx's theory of class that is actually grounded not in class or any other material difference but in the fabric of justifications (“ideologies,” “derivations,” etc.) that are socially provided the material differences.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/50.4.473

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The present study was designed to answer the question: Why, under Freedom of Choice plans of school integration did so few black parents make an integration decision, and continue to enroll their children in segregated, black public schools? A number of variables are proposed, tested, then interrelated in a model, which is tested and modified. Some comments are addressed to the limitations of the study, and the feasibility of a general decision-making model.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/50.4.487

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Social scientists have recently found the scale construction techniques developed in psychophysics relevant to the measurement problem in social science. This paper reports some efforts at the ratio measurement of social status, and some attempts at fitting functional forms to the relation between valued social characteristics (e.g., education and income in our society) and the status accorded various levels of these variables by judges from three distinct cultural groups. We take exception to some of the forms fitted by earlier researchers.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/50.4.499

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A study of denominational participation in the National Council of Churches illuminates the processes by which organizations reap unanticipated consequences from their commitment to coalitions. This paper contends that NCC members experienced unanticipated involvement in the civil rights movement, resulting in loss of members and reduction of financial support, especially for those denominations with heavy commitment to the South. When an organization forms a coalition with others who do not share its environmental commitments, those commitments may be neglected, causing resistance from the organization's environment.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/50.4.512

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

With traditional measures of children's racial preference multiple requests, all presumed to measure racial preference, are made. However, children change their racial preference across the requests. Two interpretations of these changes are offered. One, suggested by Piaget, views these changes as self-contradictory and due to cognitive incapacity. The second is that children intend to express a liking for dolls of both races. The data support this latter interpretation suggesting the use of the doll technique as a measure of racial ethnocentrism.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/50.4.522

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP