摘要:

AbstractAlthough the European Community budget for R&D has increased dramatically since the late 1970s, it has mostly been aimed at research to improve industrial competitiveness. In future, collaborative research should be encouraged; more emphasis should be placed on customers; it should be ensured that programmes support industrial growth and performance; basic research should be fostered; and social problems should be tackled. Only when EC R&D is customer-driven rather than science-driven will it truly reflect the democratic wishes, economic ambitions, and social and environmental concerns of the people of Europe.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.1.38

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe European introduction of science education to India did not produce the expected cultural transformation. Instead, it created a rift between the educated élite and those brought up in the traditional schools.A growing disillusion with the effects of science and technology (S&T) led Europeans to look more closely at the traditional Indian cultural values, and especially the spiritual heritage of, say, meditation. This in turn has led many Indians to concentrate more heavily on their past and to dismiss modern S&T.Scientists in India now need to integrate socially, and to recognise that mankind has to live in harmony with the environment. Personal relationships are as vital as the production relationship.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.1.51

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe Foundation's 1990 (26th) Annual LectureThree questions are raised: Is the significance of science in the modern state fully appreciated in Parliament; can the democratic process within an elected Parliament give adequate effect to scientific and technical decisions; and what happens when those decisions have strong political overtones? The conclusion is that the task of the politician is not an easy one hut that there is no need to despair.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.1.57

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractGeneral public discourse on science and technology is based almost exclusively on the linear model. Other ways of viewing the situation are explored by ‘unpacking’ more dimensions, introducing a ‘department store’ model and knowledge domains in cognitive space, and ending up with a neural net model which allows for ‘learning’ to take place much as in the human brain. This simplistic investigation cannot be a guide for policy-makers but might throw light on certain puzzling features of contemporary R&D institutions.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.1.65

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractCurrently the European patent systems give a theoretical patent life for pharmaceuticals of 20 years. Since half of this time is spent testing the efficiency and safety of the product, the European Community is discussing a proposal to give prescription medicines a longer period of exclusivity — the innovator must be effectively protected from excessive price competition if socially valuable innovation is to be encouraged.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.1.76

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP