ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.4.CO3

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.4.206

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractManned spaceflight has played a rather limited role in Europe's space programme. Unmanned activities have focused on space science, Earth observation, telecommunication and microgravity research. The European Space Agency tends to favour the use of robots rather than astronauts in most cases, but acknowledges that human intervention is sometimes necessary. Overall the ESA's long-term plan is intended to be balanced, promoting each field to an acceptable level and making each gain from the advances of the others.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.4.207

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractEurope made great advances in planetary exploration with the space probe to Halley's comet. The current and future plans incorporated in the Horizon 2000 core programme are minimal but balanced. They are currently threatened by lack of resources: it would be unforgivable to leave this field to the large space powers now.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.4.214

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractKorea has experienced rapid growth in its economy since the early 1960s. This relied heavily on imported technology and was based on value-added by skilled labor. The current phase is to build up the indigenous technology capability prior to including the factor of culture in the analytical scheme.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.4.219

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThis paper outlines the Chinese government's past and present role and influence in China's science and technology. The government's input in scientific and technological activities is described, together with its leadership over organisation, planning, policy and reforms. The government's contributions to China's scientific and technological strength are described, and the increasing benefits derived from these activities, the promotion of their advancement, and their impact on socio-economic development.For the first time the current international standards of scientific and technological statistics are adopted, to list China's inputs and the composition of her R&D activities, and give some international comparisons. The paper comments on continuing problems, possible solutions, and likely trends.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.4.225

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractBetween 1945 and 1960, British helicopter production was dominated by Westland, a licence producer of overseas technology. This was due to the technological lead it had acquired from Sikorsky and the commercial failure of a series of indigenous helicopter programmes. The failure of the government-sponsored programmes diminished the potential role that Britain was to play in helicopter production, but the process of technology transfer allowed Westland to accumulate in-house design expertise.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.4.235

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThis describes the R&D system in Poland up to 1990, and then the recent changes: It is placed in the context of Poland moving into a market economy.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.4.245

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractDespite the expansion of science and technology (S&T) studies, there is a lack of applicable know-how for technology policy making. This paper attempts to translate knowledge of technology policy studies into practical advice to policy makers in semi-industrialized countries. Rather than a technology policy model, it is meant to be a set of guidelines that the author considers important in technology policy making. The objective is to offer the policy maker a concise repository of policy data and experiences which he or she can draw upon in the actual policy- making process.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.4.251

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractInternational comparisons of R&D expenditures assume that the countries being compared have similar economic characteristics. However, it appears empirically that the level of R&D expenditure in an economy is related to the size of that economy. While the overall levels of R&D spending are influenced by the scale of the economy, the distribution of R&D spending among sectors may be influenced by the structure of the economy.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/18.4.259

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP