ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/14.3.CO3

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1987

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractIn 1986 a survey was conducted in Poland to discover attitudes towards scientific and extra-scientific knowledge; how far the respondents thought it possible to realize their personal aspirations; the perception of the mechanisms contributing to personal achievements; changes in educational aspirations and perceptions of profiting from education in one's job.An initial analysis of the data received from the sample of 6,000 respondents is given here.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/14.3.118

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1987

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe Soviet Union seems to be behind the western scientific level in many areas including instrumentation, information and computer infra-structures. The changes being made by the new soviet political and scientific leaders could herald considerable improvements, but on past experience the impact of the changes will be gradual.Soviet scientists demonstrate an excellence in mathematics which will come to the fore when state-of-the-art computers are available to them. It may be that this conceptual ability that allows the generalisation that Soviet scientists are of ten first with new scientific concepts but generally lag behind the West in innovating, is paradoxically due in part to the restricted freedom of communication in the Soviet scientific research environment. This leads to a relatively slow diffusion of new ideas and technologies.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/14.3.133

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1987

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractAustralian researchers are in the forefront of research into human embryos but now find themselves on a collision course with regulation and legislation. Is it ethical to experiment with human embryos? Should only ‘spare’ embryos be used rather than developing them specially for experimentation? These and other moral judgement questions are addressed as well as investigating the position of the researchers and the possible effects on them of restrictions being imposed.Three major concerns force the author to conclude that regulation and legislation are necessary. They are: the harm caused to the women donating the embryos; embryo experimentation will provide the expertise required for eugenic practices; concern for the embryo itself.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/14.3.139

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1987

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractIn 1939, the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee was established in Britain, to bring together parliamentarians and organisations or individuals from industry, universities, and elsewhere. This still exists, and is useful; the belief that the House of Commons should have its own committee of Members grew from this, and the Select Committee on Science and Technology started in 1966.The Select Committee had a wide remit, could pay for technical advice, and summon witnesses to keenly observed public hearings. The author was its chairman for many years, and he outlines some successes.The Committee was closed in 1979, under a policy of relating such committees directly to specific ministries and not to topics.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/14.3.145

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1987

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe second world war was a period of intense co-operation between the countries of the Commonwealth on many subjects, amongst which the application of science was important. The value of this co-operation was so obvious that it suggested, even in the darkest days of the war, that arrangements should be made for its continuation when peace came. The early history of this movement has never been fully written up and is almost forgotten. The present writer, then a young catalyst for Commonwealth co-operation gives a personal account of the situation.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/14.3.151

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1987

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe Portuguese R&D system has a sectoral division between scientific and technological research activities and an absence of a science budget. Lack of manpower has caused a high degree of dependence on imported technology which has discouraged autonomous developments. The avoidance of risk has been the major factor in the traditional industrial culture.The revolution of 1974 had a strong impact at the societal, political, organisational and cultural levels. Joining the EEC is an important cornerstone in the modernisation process. Continued technology dependence does not help in bridging the gap between the national economy and more developed ones. A series of issues that must be addressed at once are hindering the process of development. The challenge is big, but the rewards are immense.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/14.3.155

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1987

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractManagers often aim at achieving effective control over work by breaking jobs down into smaller technically inter-dependent parts. This lowers the discretion and autonomy of individual workers and is believed to be more efficient. Alternatively, employees are entrusted with responsibility and autonomy in order to win their commitment.Although the first (or ‘Tayloristic’) strategy is now evident in banking it remains incomplete, because it has thrown up unexpected control problems.The conclusions are threefold: first, neither Taylorism nor the more ‘human centred’ approach give sufficient attention to what organisational changes might mean for service sector employees at managerial and clerical levels given the diversity of service tasks in often quite small units.Secondly, because inappropriate assumptions have been made about work organisation in banking, certain recent technical changes have not led to productivity gains.Thirdly, human centred office systems may satisfy certain important objectives, not only of workers and trade unionists in whose interests they were conceived, but also of management in higher labour productivity.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/14.3.159

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1987

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/14.3.169

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1987

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThis briefly outlines the potential greenhouse effect, some of its causes, and some of its possible consequences (eg increased likelihood of droughts in some mid-latitudes, sea-level rises).

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/14.3.171

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1987

数据来源: OUP