摘要:

AbstractNehru envisaged a prominent role for science and technology in India, and remained heavily committed to it.A five-year plan was drawn up in 1974 following intensive work by innumerable committees, subcommittees and working groups. Despite the many political upheavals, there has been continued support for S and T because it is insulated from mainstream politics.However the top level decisions are made by a small section of the scientific community. Challenges to this system occasionally arise when a disaster such as Bhopal occurs.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/12.5.234

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe history of Chinese interest in the understanding and management of science is traced from the 1930s to the present. Deng Xiaoping himself has taken a lead in recognizing the importance of science and technology (S&T) in meeting national goals.This article outlines the early foreign influences on Chinese thinking about science and technology, China's own contribution, and the relevance of Marxist principles. The article describes some of the universities (40 of them) and institutes which are active in the understanding and management of science and technology, the growth in the number of relevant publications and journals in China, and the many links with the four modernizations.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/12.5.241

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractPanama spends a very small proportion of its annual budget on R&D. Agriculture is the sector which has had most research funds. The industrial sector, including the exploitation of mineral resources, has received little attention.Universities have concentrated on their role as teaching institutes and undertake very little basic research. Small countries are at a disadvantage because they have few resources, so cannot support research in all sectors. They have to be selective, and to co-operate with foreign companies in their research programmes, thus improving their skills and updating their knowledge.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/12.5.253

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractScience and technology are often considered to be non-political but, since being refused associate membership of the EEC twice, Israel has consistently attempted to use her scientific expertise to gain political links with Europe. Many Israeli scientists are deeply involved with European scientific organizations, and there is good technological cooperation between individuals.However, the political motivation behind attempts to formalize these relationships by gaining membership of the top organizations has largely led to refusal. This implies a failure of the strategy.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/12.5.264

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractBecause it was one of Holland's first major attempts at examining the possible need to control a science and technology, the Dutch commission on genetic manipulation may influence the conduct of future enquiries. Thus its procedures merit careful assessment.Possible lessons concern the composition of expert panels if bias is to be allowed for; the treatment of lay members and of public perceptions and fears (be they right or wrong); the uncovering and priority given to ethical and religious views; paying attention to non-technical risks (eg terrorism); rights to call in outside witnesses; and more. A crucial part of the framework is whether the commission should be seeking to maximize good, or simply to minimize evil; the answer affects the relevance of analysis of possible benefits.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/12.5.269

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe growth, size and structure of different types of environmental groups in Britain is outlined, drawing on a comprehensive database. Problems of mutual interest to some groups, to government, and to the energy industry, include drawing the balance between the use of fossil fuels (and the associated risks of climatic change) and nuclear power (with its radiation risks).

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/12.5.273

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractFinland was late to industrialise, and thus late seeing those changes in science that occur with development – less attention to the previously dominant educational and cultural roles of science, and more attention to its benefits for capitalism. Some indicators show that S&T remain low-priority activities in much of Finland.This paper starts with a theoretical framework, and then (page 281) presents the example of Finland.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/12.5.279

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThere is an acute shortage of housing in the third world, which leads to the construction of shanty towns on city fringes.A self-help programme is described in which those requiring housing are taught basic skills (including health and safety requirements) by artisans in the community. Non-formal education is required, to transmit these skills, and active participation by the community to help themselves.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/12.5.286

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/12.5.288

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/12.5.290

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP