ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.3.CO3

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.3.138

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractIs ‘advocacy science’ in the process of crossing the Atlantic to Europe? This issue is set in a discussion of how powerful social, economic and technological currents have created a crisis for European scientific expertise. This crisis must be addressed by developing procedures that enhance the quality of scientific expertise and degree of genuine democracy in decision-making. Such developments must build on an improved understanding of existing European structures and practices.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.3.139

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractScientific expertise is necessary in the policy arena to replace the previous trial-and-error regime. It can offer enlightenment, instrumental or pragmatic knowledge, reflection, and catalytic process promotion. Four styles of using scientific expertise can be distinguished: adversarial, fiduciary, consensual and corporatist. A new mediative style results from the current, more open procedures in decision-making. Europe's strength in using scientific expertise depends on a more ‘system- and problem- oriented’ approach in which science, politics and economics are linked by strategic networks.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.3.147

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractWith increased public awareness of environmental hazards brought about by accidents such as those at Seveso and Bhopal, the need for the expertise of the social scientists has been recognised in the field of risk communication. Their role can be seen as either providing advice on how to shape people's opinions or of providing increased understanding of the functioning of human systems and their interactions with natural systents. The latter case implies a joint effort between the natural and the social scientists: this is the approach favoured by the European Union.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.3.157

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThere is an increasing need for parliamentarians to be well-informed on scientific and technological issues. This requires that experts be available to advise. There are many problems inherent in the creation of such a service. It is important too to distinguish between the provision of scientific information and advice and the provision of policy analysis relating to scientific and technological issues. Parliaments need both services, together with critical, open well-informed debate, if they are to ensure serious scrutiny and control of the Executive.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.3.162

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractDecision-making in Europe is conducted through extremely subtle and infinitely varied mechanisms. What is the part played by expert appraisal and scientific rationality? While the functioning of the Commission and the ‘economy’ of the system of European institutions have tended to favour confrontations between a multiplicity of expert appraisals, this pluralistic approach has not been sufficient to ensure the scientific rationality of decisions. Yet there have been positive, dynamic effects of European construction on the relations between science-politics-expertise at the level of the member states.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.3.169

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractExpert scientific appraisal is either confidential to the government commissioning it, or open to public debate. At the executive level of the European Community, intergovernmental negotiations substitute for the electorate. This renders expert appraisal incapable of becoming truly public. To overcome this, the conditions under which scientific interventions are implemented must be institutionalised. Time is indispensable if scientists/experts are to make sound judgements regarding complex phenomena: thus ‘emergency’ should be banned.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.3.175

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractIn spite of the EC supranational character, the system is strongly marked by the presence of States eager to exercise their influence at all stages of decision-making, including the formation of the European Commission's proposals. In this context, opportunities for independent scientific debate and for consensus among experts are hampered, with the resulting loss of legitimacy of EC regulatory decisions. This may be further affected by the lack of transparency of EC procedures, which limits public awareness and scholarly inquiry.Special attention is paid to the EC environmental policy, because the need for scientific advice is evident, and the boundaries of EC and State intervention are particularly vague. Possible institutional reforms are suggested that might improve the system's quality and procedural justice.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.3.183

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe geographical dimension in the environmental policy of the European Union (EU) is mainly visible in a twofold sense: neighbouring countries are likely to share similar concerns because pollution is sometimes a transboundary problem (the ‘physical’ dimension); and neighbouring countries will probably develop similar interests and pursue similar goals in environmental policy (the ‘political’ dimension). In combination these two dimensions have fostered a division between northern countries (defending a strict pollution control policy) and southern countries (fighting against soil erosion, forest fires …) in environmental policy. Southern countries, along with Ireland, have got the EU to approve the cohesion fund as a mechanism for financing environmental measures, among others, in the poorer European countries.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/22.3.189

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP