ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/15.6.CO3

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/15.6.366

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe widening technology gap between Europe and both the US and Japan is damaging European industry's longer-term survival. The Star Wars initiative allowed the US government a means which was domestically politically acceptable to pump around US$26 billion into science and technology. The European Community responded by expanding or initiating several programmes, including the Framework Programme and Eureka, aimed at increasing the funding of S&T projects in Europe and at improving cooperation between universities and companies across the Community.In improving Community S&T, at least four actions are needed. One is to learn from the Japanese model the social wisdom of placing S&T goals into the context of social goals; and the use of ‘research cartels’ to help companies pool their resources in the early stages of technical development. Second, unnecessary duplication of research efforts across the Community is a major waste of scarce funds. Third, a strong strategy and a much more ruthless approach to selecting projects is needed. And the current levels of funding are inadequate for any serious attack on the defects in European technology; funding must be increased.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/15.6.367

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractEureka was set up in 1985 to increase the productivity and competitiveness of Europe's industries and national economies on the world market. The achievements to date include four billion ecu worth of projects, and more than 1200 European companies and research centres participating in Eureka. Eureka can help in the future by bringing research centres and industry into closer co-operation.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/15.6.373

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThis paper analyses the Eureka initiative both in general terms and in relation to the Italian participation in the programme. The historical background of Eureka is presented and the formal aspects of the programme are discussed. The Eureka projects are described taking into account their technological diversification. The Italian participation in Eureka is analysed and some empirical evidence is presented which was provided by a survey carried out over 25 research institutes and enterprises which are involved in the pan-European co-operation programme. Finally, the role of government is discussed and a tentative ex ante evaluation of Eureka is suggested.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/15.6.376

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractEurope lags behind Japan and the USA in technological innovation. Old ideas have to be challenged, nd Europe must present a united front to make best use of the technological expertise available, and to meet both the economic and intellectual challenge which technological progress represents.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/15.6.383

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractScience and technology are transforming economic performance world wide and Europe has to keep up in this trend. The establishment of an internal market by 1992 is now written into the European Commission's Treaty and there are a number of programmes involving other countries in Western Europe. This requires the setting up of European standards, the allaying of fears of new technology in the labour market and the recognition that education will in future last a life time.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/15.6.395

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe increasing number of decisions involving new research programmes call for clarity concerning the aims of a socialist view of S&T. Decisions must be made with due regard for their effect on societies of the whole world, safety, industrial risks and the defence of the environment.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/15.6.403

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractMost European politicians know little about biotechnology, except that it is apparently important in any technological competition with the USA, Japan and elsewhere. The help with BST (it increases milk yields) illustrates this narrow-minded concept of beating the US and Japan. Yet it is a fine example of technology, not problems, being the driving force: much effort (and political and personal hardship) elsewhere in the Community is directed at reducing the surplus of milk production.BST also illustrates bureaucratic remoteness from the public; the only real pressures for it are national governments and the well organised industry. The problems of public control over biotechnology are deep; for instance, it is hard to find experts whose career prospects allow them to act independently.Evolution and genetic engineering is an awesome arena in which to seek technological revolutions and market leadership. Biotechnology should not be used to maintain and enforce industrial policies.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/15.6.407

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractEuropean community research has succeeded in breaking into new fields like biotechnology and no longer has a completely nuclear orientation. In the fusion programme it has taken over prime responsibility from the national governments. However, the total Community budget represents only about one fifth of the national budget of one of the larger member states, and the EC R&D budget only gets 3.1% of this. Has it the means to achieve its ends? Major projects in the Framework Programme, like the Joint Research Centre and thermonuclear fusion, have had their problems but are the EC R&D programmes helping to promote Europe's industrial competitive position vis-à-vis the US or Japan?

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/15.6.411

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1988

数据来源: OUP